Climate Change: Regional Impact Prediction

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Questions and Answers

How might milder winters in the UK affect the population?

  • Increased risk of heatstroke due to higher average temperatures.
  • Increased water shortages in the southern regions.
  • Rise in skin cancer cases due to greater sun exposure.
  • Decline in winter-related deaths due to less severe cold. (correct)

Which environmental concern is projected to increase across the UK due to climate change?

  • Stabilization of water levels in the south and southeast.
  • Decrease in average rainfall amounts.
  • More frequent and severe flooding events. (correct)
  • Increased snowfall during winter months.

What is a likely consequence of drought in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the text?

  • Greater strain on already limited food and water resources. (correct)
  • An increase in the availability of food and water.
  • Reduced pressure on food and water supplies.
  • Improvement in agricultural practices and crop yields.

Which outcome is most likely to occur in Europe due to changing climate conditions?

<p>An increase in crop yields, but with greater irrigation needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might warmer rivers impact South Asia?

<p>Adversely affect marine wildlife. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential positive effect of climate change in Europe, according to the information provided?

<p>Decline in mortality related to colder weather. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you consider the negative climate effects, what region is likely to be most affected?

<p>Africa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the predicted effects of climate change on the UK compared to sub-Saharan Africa?

<p>The UK is projected to face increased extreme weather, while sub-Saharan Africa will likely experience further strain on food and water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a pond ecosystem, what is the primary role of plant litter in maintaining its health?

<p>It decomposes and releases nutrients, supporting primary producers and the food web. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a pond ecosystem experiences a significant reduction in plant litter, which of the following is the most likely consequence?

<p>A decrease in nutrient availability, potentially leading to a decline in primary producers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between nutrient input from weathered rock and nutrient loss through leaching in an ecosystem?

<p>Nutrient input replenishes the nutrient stores, counteracting the loss of nutrients through leaching, maintaining overall balance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the nutrient cycle in a pond ecosystem, which pathway directly links the decomposition of plant litter to the growth of primary producers?

<p>Release of nutrients through decomposition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the rate of nutrient loss by leaching exceeds the rate of nutrient input from weathered rock in a pond ecosystem, what long-term effect is most likely to occur?

<p>Nutrient depletion, potentially leading to reduced primary productivity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies focuses on reducing water consumption rather than increasing water supply?

<p>Offering free retrofit packages of water-efficient devices to households. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the desalination plant in Beckton offset its carbon emissions with a biodiesel electricity plant?

<p>To counteract the high energy consumption of the desalination process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Thames Barrier protect London from rising sea levels?

<p>By acting as a dam to prevent tidal surges from entering central London. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge that London faces regarding its water supply, as influenced by climate change?

<p>Increasing water demand combined with drier summers and wetter winters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If sea levels rise by 50 centimeters, what is the anticipated impact on the Thames Barrier's effectiveness?

<p>The risk of breaching its defenses will increase from once every 1,000 years to once every 100 years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reverse osmosis, as it is used in the Beckton desalination plant?

<p>A process where water is purified using high-pressure membranes to separate water molecules from dissolved salts and impurities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of aerators in the context of London's Water Strategy?

<p>They reduce water consumption by mixing air with the water flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to the national average, how does London's daily water consumption per person compare?

<p>Londoners consume more water than the national average. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions does not contain a major area of tropical rainforest?

<p>Greenland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main characteristics that distinguish tropical rainforests from other biomes?

<p>Climate and vegetation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The largest area of tropical rainforest is located in which of the following regions?

<p>The Amazon basin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If deforestation were to occur at an accelerated rate in the Amazon basin, which global impact would likely be most significant?

<p>Reduction in atmospheric oxygen levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to other biomes, what distinguishes the climate of a tropical rainforest?

<p>Consistently high temperatures and high rainfall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of tropical rainforests, what does 'vegetation' primarily encompass?

<p>The plant life, including trees, shrubs, and undergrowth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the geographical distribution of tropical rainforests, which factor most significantly determines their location?

<p>Latitude near the Equator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a significant change in rainfall patterns affect the vegetation in a tropical rainforest?

<p>Decreased rainfall could shift the vegetation towards more drought-resistant species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the soils of the tropical rainforest generally thin and poor despite the presence of luxuriant vegetation?

<p>The rapid nutrient cycling process primarily stores nutrients in the biomass rather than the soil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the warm, humid climate play in the nutrient cycle of a tropical rainforest?

<p>It accelerates decomposition, promoting rapid nutrient release from litter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a tropical rainforest, what is the 'biomass' primarily composed of?

<p>All living organisms, including plants and animals, within the ecosystem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plants in the tropical rainforest obtain the nutrients they need to survive, considering the infertile soil?

<p>By rapidly absorbing nutrients released from the decomposition of litter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely consequence of removing a large section of the tropical rainforest (deforestation) on the local nutrient cycle?

<p>A significant loss of nutrients from the ecosystem due to reduced biomass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a balanced tropical rainforest ecosystem, where is the largest proportion of vital nutrients stored?

<p>In the biomass (living vegetation and animals). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where the rate of decomposition in a tropical rainforest slows down significantly. Which of the following is the most likely direct consequence?

<p>A shift in nutrient storage from the biomass to the litter and soil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A plant species in the rainforest has developed a specialized root system that efficiently captures nutrients from rainwater before it reaches the soil. What advantage does this adaptation provide to the plant?

<p>Reduced competition for nutrients in the soil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between characterizing an ecosystem's distribution by latitude versus specific regional occurrences?

<p>Latitude indicates a global pattern, while regional occurrences point to localized environmental factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant implication of Kilimanjaro's vegetation changing with increasing altitude, starting from a tropical rainforest at its base?

<p>Temperature and moisture levels change dramatically with altitude, leading to different vegetation zones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a new plant species is discovered that thrives in both a tundra and deciduous forest biome, what revised understanding would this require about climate factors?

<p>It would indicate that temperature ranges and rainfall amounts are not exclusive determinants of biome distribution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering a hypothetical scenario where the Earth's tilt decreases, what would be the most likely impact on tropical rainforest distribution?

<p>Tropical rainforest distribution would likely expand towards higher latitudes due to milder temperature gradients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose a region currently supporting a deciduous forest experiences a prolonged drought lasting several decades. What transitional biome is most likely to replace the forest?

<p>Grassland or scrubland, as these biomes are adapted to lower moisture levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the selective logging of specific tree species in a tropical rainforest impact the overall biodiversity and ecosystem stability?

<p>It could simplify the ecosystem, reducing habitat complexity and affecting species that depend on the logged trees. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide continues to rise, what is a likely long-term impact on the distribution of global forest biomes?

<p>A shift towards more drought-tolerant species and expansion of grasslands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of climate change, what strategies could be implemented to help preserve the biodiversity of deciduous forests?

<p>Implementing reforestation projects with climate-resilient tree species and protecting existing forest fragments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Litter

Organic matter, such as dead leaves and decaying plant material, that falls to the forest floor or the bottom of a pond.

Decomposition

The process where organic material (litter) is broken down into simpler substances.

Leaching

Minerals and nutrients washing out of the soil.

Primary producers

The original source of organic matter in the pond ecosystem (e.g. plants).

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Top predators

Animals at the top of the food chain with no natural predators.

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Climate change in the UK

Overall temperature increases, and more frequent occurrences of skin cancer and heat strokes.

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Milder winters – UK Climate

Potential decrease in deaths related to winter conditions.

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Extreme weather – UK Climate

Increased drought, heatwaves and flooding.

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Health impacts – Europe

Increased deaths from heat waves, potential decrease in deaths from colder weather.

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Crop yields in Europe

Increases but needing more irrigation.

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Drought impact in Africa

Pressure on food and water

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Health in Southern/Eastern Africa

May decline due to drought and other environmental factors.

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South Asia food supply

Agriculture may be affected

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Climate-Smart Agriculture

Farming practices that sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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Thames Barrier

The Thames Barrier is a large barrier across the River Thames in London, designed to prevent London from being flooded by tidal surges.

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Mitigation

Strategies that aim to reduce the severity of climate change by limiting greenhouse gas emissions or removing them from the atmosphere.

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Adaptation

Actions taken to adjust to the effects of climate change that are already happening or are expected to happen in the future.

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Retrofit

Retrofitting involves upgrading existing buildings or systems with new technologies or features to improve their efficiency or performance.

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Desalination

A water treatment process that removes salt and other minerals from water to make it potable or usable for other purposes.

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Reverse Osmosis

A separation process that uses pressure to force a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side.

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Qualitative Data

Information that describes qualities or characteristics. It is descriptive and conceptual.

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Ecosystem Distribution

The overall spatial arrangement or pattern of an ecosystem across the Earth's surface.

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Ecosystem Band Width

The narrow band of vegetation around the Earth.

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Deciduous Forest Rainfall

Annual rainfall needed for a deciduous forest.

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Tundra Temperature Range

Minimum and maximum annual temperatures experienced in the tundra ecosystem.

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Altitudinal Vegetation Change

The change in vegetation types as you go up a mountain, like Kilimanjaro.

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Forest Types

Climate and Tree Characteristics

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Tropical Rainforest Area

Only seven percent of the world’s land surface

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Tropical Rainforest Importance

Important in the fight against global warming.

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Tropical Rainforest Locations

The main areas of tropical rainforest are in the Amazon basin (Brazil), Central Africa, and South East Asia.

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Largest Rainforest Area

The Amazon basin contains the largest area of tropical rainforest in the world.

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Tropical Rainforest Characteristics

Climate and vegetation are two main characteristics.

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Climate Definition

Refers to the average weather conditions in a region, including temperature, rainfall, and humidity.

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Vegetation Definition

Refers to the plant life in a region, including the types of trees, shrubs, and other plants that grow there.

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What is climate?

A region's typical weather conditions over a long period.

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What is vegetation?

Plant life in a specific area.

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Tropical Rainforest Climate Traits

Warm temperatures and high rainfall.

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Nutrient Cycling

The cycling of nutrients between the biomass, litter, and soil in the rainforest ecosystem.

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Biomass

The total mass of living organisms (plants and animals) in a given area or ecosystem.

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Rapid Decomposition

The rapid breakdown of dead organic material by microorganisms.

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Nutrient Storage

Nutrients are stored in the living biomass (trees and vegetation).

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Interdependence

The mutually beneficial relationships between living organisms in the rainforest.

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Decomposition Factors

The warm and humid climate causes litter to decompose very quickly.

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Nutrient Washout

Rain washes away litter nutrients before they become part of the soil, leading to infertile soils.

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Study Notes

Climate Change: Our Fault?

  • The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth, essential for life.
  • Without it, the Earth would be about 33°C colder.
  • Sun's infrared rays enter the atmosphere -> heat reflects from the surface -> natural greenhouse gases trap some heat.
  • Human activity has increased greenhouse gases, creating an enhanced effect:
    • Activities: burning fossil fuels, industry, agriculture, deforestation.
    • Less heat escapes; Earth warms further.

Are Humans Causing Climate Change?

  • Scientists confirm natural climate change, but it doesn't account for post-1970s temperature increases.
  • There's a correlation between rising COâ‚‚ levels and temperature.
  • The IPCC indicates a high likelihood that rising COâ‚‚ is the main cause.
  • Humans emit ~130 times more COâ‚‚ than volcanoes.
  • Greenhouse gas composition:
    • 77% - Carbon dioxide
    • 14% - Methane
    • 8% - Nitrous oxide
    • 1% - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
  • Global warming potential (over 100 years, compared to COâ‚‚):
    • Methane: 25 times
    • Nitrous oxide: 125 times

How Do Humans Cause Climate Change?

  • Fossil fuels: Over 50% of global greenhouse emissions come from fossil fuels

    • Source: Transportation, building, heating, industry, power generation.
    • The population of the world continues to increase thus increasing the amount of fossil fuels and carbon dioxide emitted
  • Agriculture: Agriculture contributes to ~20% of global greenhouse emissions

    • Large Methane Volumes: Cattle digestion; microbes decay organic matter in rice paddies.
    • The population of the world continues to increase thus increasing the demand for food, - In Asia for instance were rice is the staple diet. - increasing meat increases gas emissions
  • Deforestation: Forests are cleared at an alarming rate

    • Consequences: Fewer trees for photosynthesis (absorb COâ‚‚); rapid climate change.
    • slash and burn = releases stored COâ‚‚ contributing to climate change

Effects of Climate Change

  • IPCC predicts significant, increasing costs from climate change.
  • Effects vary globally/regionally.
  • UK: Flood risk increases (heavy rain); rising sea levels and temperatures and water shortages in the south/southeast.
  • Alps: Ski resorts may close or have shorter seasons.
  • Northern Europe: Less heating, increased crop/forest growth.
  • Mediterranean: Increased drought is likely.
  • S. & E. Africa: Declining health due to malaria increase.
  • Europe as a whole: Heat waves may increase deaths and crop yields increase.
  • Sub-Saharan Africa: Drought impacts food/water.
  • S. Asia as a whole: Agriculture may decline.
  • Rivers: Warmer rivers harm marine wildlife. Ganges River dolphins may decline.
  • Asia: Increased flood risk.
  • E. Asia: Fishing industry declines with more acidic sea and higher temperature.
  • Polar Regions: Wildlife declines due to the decrease in Ice.
  • Arctic Ocean: Less ice enables shipping and gas/oil extraction there.
  • Sub-Arctic Boreal Forests: Tree lines retreat because of Temperature increase
  • N. America: Agriculture may yield more wheat/soybean/rice but less corn.
  • Forests: can be affected more with pests, disease and forest fires.

Managing Climate Change: Mitigation

  • Mitigation: Strategies to reduce/prevent greenhouse gases and protect carbon sinks.

  • Alternative energy production: Using renewable sources (wind, solar, geothermal, wave, tidal, biomass).

    • Pros: Reduces greenhouse gasses.
    • Cons: more expensive than fossil fuels, but are becoming cheaper
  • Carbon capture and storage (CCS): Replicating natural COâ‚‚ storage.

    • Steps: Capture COâ‚‚ from emission sources, convert it into liquid, inject into sedimentary rock.
    • UK is a world leader in the process of storing CO2.
    • Pros: Could provide substantial carbon mitigation.
    • Cons: Expensive; unclear if COâ‚‚ stays trapped long-term; doesn't prevent COâ‚‚ emissions initially.
  • Planting trees: Reforestation.

    • A investment could substantially increase forest carbon storage. -A UK project to reduce deforestation restore forests reduce 10.71 m tonnes
    • Pros: it reduces CO2
    • Cons: Deforestation could continue and has done in 2015

-International agreements: UN negotiated a new international climate is required to meet targets - some are able to mitagate then others and this is a potential difficulty

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