Climate Change External and Internal Forcings
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Questions and Answers

What is the timescale of tectonic processes?

  • 10-100 thousand years
  • 10-100 years
  • 10-100 million years (correct)
  • 100-1000 years

    • What is an example of internal climate forcing?

  • Orbital changes
  • Land cover change
  • Strength of the sun
  • Volcanic activity (correct)

    • What is the result of a positive radiative forcing?

  • The planet will warm (correct)
  • No change in the planet's temperature
  • The planet will cool
  • The planet's temperature will fluctuate

    • What is the unit of measurement for radiative forcing?

    <p>Watts per meter squared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a feedback that amplifies the response caused by a climate forcing?

    <p>Ice sheet melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between incoming and outgoing radiation?

    <p>Radiative forcing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of decreasing albedo?

    <p>More solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the temperature of an object and its energy radiation according to the Stefan-Boltzmann Law?

    <p>Temperature is proportional to the fourth power of energy radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of albedo in the Earth's radiation budget?

    <p>To reflect solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature of the Earth without greenhouse gases?

    <p>-19°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathway for outgoing longwave radiation?

    <p>Radiated out into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation is emitted by the Earth's surface?

    <p>Longwave radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of deep water rising to the surface in certain regions?

    <p>Brings nutrients and promotes surface productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of coastal upwelling?

    <p>Wind driving offshore surface ocean transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of El Nino?

    <p>Anomalously warm sea-surface temperatures in the central/eastern tropical Pacific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for carbon in the carbon cycle?

    <p>Gigatons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current atmospheric CO2 level?

    <p>422.80 ppm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that moves carbon between reservoirs in the carbon cycle?

    <p>Exchange mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary direction of net water transport relative to the wind direction?

    <p>90°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ocean current is characterized by being relatively warm, fast, deep, and narrow?

    <p>Western boundary currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the zone where temperature changes rapidly with depth?

    <p>Thermocline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process by which deep water is formed?

    <p>Cooling by contact with air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is deep water primarily formed?

    <p>At high latitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the circulation of ocean water driven by changes in temperature and salinity?

    <p>Thermohaline circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'parts per million' (ppm) represent?

    <p>A measure of the concentration of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'Keeling Curve'?

    <p>It is a long-term record of atmospheric CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring carbon isotopes in determining the source of CO2?

    <p>To identify the source of the CO2, such as fossil fuels or biological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'residence time' of carbon in a reservoir?

    <p>The average period of time carbon spends in a reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the CO2 data measured at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii?

    <p>It provides a long-term record of atmospheric CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in delta 13 C values between pre- and post-industrial revolution periods?

    <p>The values are lower in the post-industrial revolution period</p> Signup and view all the answers

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