Climate Change: Causes and Greenhouse Gases

Climate Change Causes

• Human activities:
  • Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) for energy
  • Deforestation and land-use changes
  • Agriculture (especially livestock and rice production)
• Natural factors:
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Changes in Earth's orbit
  • Variations in the Sun's energy output

Greenhouse Gases

• Primary greenhouse gases:
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Methane (CH4)
  • Nitrous oxide (N2O)
  • Water vapor (H2O)
• Secondary greenhouse gases:
  • Ozone (O3)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
  • Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
• Greenhouse gas emissions:
  • CO2: 65% of total emissions
  • CH4: 20% of total emissions

Ocean Acidification

• Definition: decrease in ocean pH due to increased CO2 absorption
• Effects:
  • Impacts marine life, especially organisms with calcium carbonate shells (e.g., corals, shellfish)
  • Reduces ocean's ability to absorb CO2
• Consequences:
  • Decreased biodiversity
  • Disrupted food chains
  • Economic impacts on fisheries and tourism

Sea Level Rise

• Causes:
  • Thermal expansion of seawater
  • Melting of glaciers and ice sheets
• Consequences:
  • Coastal erosion and flooding
  • Saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources
  • Loss of coastal ecosystems and biodiversity
• Projected sea level rise:
  • 26 cm to 82 cm by 2100 (IPCC, 2019)

Renewable Energy Solutions

• Types:
  • Solar energy
  • Wind energy
  • Hydro energy
  • Geothermal energy
  • Biomass energy
• Benefits:
  • Reduces greenhouse gas emissions
  • Decreases dependence on fossil fuels
  • Creates jobs and stimulates local economies
• Challenges:
  • Intermittency of energy supply
  • High upfront costs
  • Land-use and infrastructure requirements

Penyebab Perubahan Iklim

• Aktivitas manusia:
  • Pembakaran bahan bakar fosil (batu bara, minyak, gas) untuk energi
  • Deforestasi dan perubahan penggunaan lahan
  • Pertanian (terutama produksi hewan ternak dan beras)
• Faktor alami:
  • Letusan gunung berapi
  • Perubahan orbit Bumi
  • Variasi output energi Matahari

Gas Rumah Kaca

• Gas rumah kaca primer:
  • Karbon dioksida (CO2)
  • Metana (CH4)
  • Nitrous oksida (N2O)
  • Uap air (H2O)
• Gas rumah kaca sekunder:
  • Ozon (O3)
  • Klorofluorokarbon (CFC)
  • Hidrokhlorofluorokarbon (HCFC)
• Emisi gas rumah kaca:
  • CO2: 65% dari total emisi
  • CH4: 20% dari total emisi

Pengasaman Laut

• Definisi: penurunan pH laut akibat peningkatan absorbsi CO2
• Dampak:
  • Mempengaruhi kehidupan laut, terutama organisme dengan cangkang kalsium karbonat (misalnya, karang, hewan keras)
  • Mengurangi kemampuan laut untuk menyerap CO2
• Konsekuensi:
  • Menurunkan keanekaragaman hayati
  • Mengganggu rantai makanan
  • Dampak ekonomi pada perikanan dan pariwisata

Kenaikan Muka Laut

• Penyebab:
  • Ekspansi termal air laut
  • Pencairan gletser dan lembaran es
• Konsekuensi:
  • Erosi pantai dan banjir
  • Intrusi air laut ke sumber air tawar
  • Kehilangan ekosistem pantai dan keanekaragaman hayati
• Proyeksi kenaikan muka laut:
  • 26 cm hingga 82 cm hingga tahun 2100 (IPCC, 2019)

Solusi Energi Terbarukan

• Jenis:
  • Energi surya
  • Energi angin
  • Energi hidro
  • Energi geothermal
  • Energi biomass
• Manfaat:
  • Mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca
  • Mengurangi ketergantungan pada bahan bakar fosil
  • Menciptakan lapangan kerja dan merangsang ekonomi lokal
• Tantangan:
  • Intermitensi pasokan energi
  • Biaya awal yang tinggi
  • Kebutuhan lahan dan infrastruktur

Discover the factors contributing to climate change, including human activities and natural factors, and learn about the primary and secondary greenhouse gases responsible for the phenomenon.