Podcast
Questions and Answers
The Copernicus Climate Change Service is funded by the United Nations.
The Copernicus Climate Change Service is funded by the United Nations.
False (B)
The average sea surface temperature for October over 60°S–60°N was $21.79°C$.
The average sea surface temperature for October over 60°S–60°N was $21.79°C$.
False (B)
El Niño conditions were weaker than those seen during the 1997 and 2015 events.
El Niño conditions were weaker than those seen during the 1997 and 2015 events.
True (A)
Storm Babet primarily affected Southern Europe, causing heavy flooding.
Storm Babet primarily affected Southern Europe, causing heavy flooding.
Central and Easternmost Asia, and most of Australia experienced higher than average rainfall in October 2023.
Central and Easternmost Asia, and most of Australia experienced higher than average rainfall in October 2023.
The ERA5 dataset uses data from satellites, ships, aircraft, and weather balloons worldwide.
The ERA5 dataset uses data from satellites, ships, aircraft, and weather balloons worldwide.
The global sea surface temperature data is based on an average taken at a depth of 20cm.
The global sea surface temperature data is based on an average taken at a depth of 20cm.
NOAA's OISST provides temperature estimates at a depth of about 10m.
NOAA's OISST provides temperature estimates at a depth of about 10m.
Sea ice maps and data are derived from a mixture of information from ERA6, EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2.1, Sea Ice Concentration CDR/ICDR v2 and fast-track data provided by OSI SAF.
Sea ice maps and data are derived from a mixture of information from ERA6, EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2.1, Sea Ice Concentration CDR/ICDR v2 and fast-track data provided by OSI SAF.
The World Meteorological Organization recommends using a 40-year period for calculating climatological averages.
The World Meteorological Organization recommends using a 40-year period for calculating climatological averages.
Copernicus is a constituent of the European Union's space program, funded by the EU.
Copernicus is a constituent of the European Union's space program, funded by the EU.
Copernicus operates via five thematic services: Atmosphere, Marine, Land, Climate Change, Security, and Emergency.
Copernicus operates via five thematic services: Atmosphere, Marine, Land, Climate Change, Security, and Emergency.
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operates three services from the EU's Copernicus Earth observation programme.
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operates three services from the EU's Copernicus Earth observation programme.
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is an independent intergovernmental organization supported by 45 states.
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is an independent intergovernmental organization supported by 45 states.
Member States can use 35% of the ECMWF's supercomputer capacity for their own purposes.
Member States can use 35% of the ECMWF's supercomputer capacity for their own purposes.
ECMWF's offices are located in the UK, Italy and Spain.
ECMWF's offices are located in the UK, Italy and Spain.
Flashcards
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Bulletin
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Bulletin
A monthly report published by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) that provides information on the changes observed in global climate, including surface air and sea temperatures, sea ice cover, and hydrological variables.
ERA5 dataset
ERA5 dataset
A dataset used by the C3S to generate climate analysis, which is compiled from billions of measurements from satellites, ships, aircraft, and weather stations around the world.
October 2023 Sea Surface Temperature
October 2023 Sea Surface Temperature
The average sea surface temperature for October 2023, exceeding the previous record for October.
El Niño
El Niño
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Storm Babet
Storm Babet
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Storm Aline
Storm Aline
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Foundation Temperature
Foundation Temperature
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ERA5 dataset
ERA5 dataset
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Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)
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Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)
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European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
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Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS)
Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS)
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30-year reference period for climatological averages
30-year reference period for climatological averages
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Copernicus
Copernicus
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ECMWF Supercomputer Facility
ECMWF Supercomputer Facility
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Sea Ice Maps and Data Sources
Sea Ice Maps and Data Sources
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Study Notes
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)
- C3S, implemented by ECMWF, publishes monthly climate bulletins.
- Bulletins cover global surface air and sea temperatures, sea ice, and hydrology.
- Data analysis uses ERA5 dataset, combining billions of measurements from satellites, ships, aircraft, and weather stations.
- October 2023 saw record-high average sea surface temperatures (SST) of 20.79°C (60°S–60°N).
- El Niño conditions intensified, but remained below 1997/2015 levels.
European Precipitation Patterns (October 2023)
- Europe saw above-average precipitation, with storms (Babet, Aline) causing heavy rainfall and flooding.
- Other regions with above-average precipitation included portions of North America, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia/Siberia, Southeast China, Brazil, New Zealand, and Southern Africa.
- Conversely, regions like the southern USA, parts of Mexico, central and eastern Asia and the extratropical southern hemisphere (including Australia), experienced drier-than-average conditions, often associated with drought.
Data Sources and Methodology
- C3S data sourced from ERA5 dataset for temperature and hydrology.
- Sea ice data is a combination of ERA5 and EUMETSAT OSI SAF.
- ERA5 SSTs are estimates of ocean temperature at roughly 10 meters deep.
- C3S uses the 1991-2020 reference period for calculating climatological averages (per WMO).
- Visualizations for both 1991-2020 and 1981-2010 periods are available.
Copernicus Program (General Information)
- Copernicus is a European Union Earth observation program, funded by the EU.
- Divided into six thematic services (Atmosphere, Marine, Land, Climate Change, Security, Emergency).
- Copernicus provides freely accessible, operational data and services, aiding the understanding of the planet and its environment.
- Coordinated and managed by the European Commission, implemented with partners like ESA, EUMETSAT, ECMWF, and EU Agencies.
ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)
- ECMWF is an independent intergovernmental organization supporting 35 states.
- Functions as both a research institute and a 24/7 operational service that produces numerical weather predictions for Member States.
- ECMWF has offices in the UK, Italy, and Germany.
- Maintains a supercomputer facility, allowing national meteorological services in member states access to up to 25% of capacity for their use.
Relevant Links
- Additional data, graphics, videos, frequently asked questions regarding temperature monitoring, and details on the data set are available.
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