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Questions and Answers
What is the size of the Manila Subbasin?
What is the size of the Manila Subbasin?
Which river is located at the downstream end of the Marikina River?
Which river is located at the downstream end of the Marikina River?
What percentage of the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin is within Laguna?
What percentage of the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin is within Laguna?
Which hydraulic structure is used to regulate the storage of floodwaters in Laguna de Bay?
Which hydraulic structure is used to regulate the storage of floodwaters in Laguna de Bay?
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Which province contributes approximately 23% to the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin?
Which province contributes approximately 23% to the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin?
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How much average annual rainfall does the Marikina River Basin receive?
How much average annual rainfall does the Marikina River Basin receive?
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What is the main purpose of the Rosario Weir and Manggahan Floodway?
What is the main purpose of the Rosario Weir and Manggahan Floodway?
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What is the significance of the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin within the Manila Bay Watershed Area?
What is the significance of the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin within the Manila Bay Watershed Area?
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What is the primary source of methane emissions?
What is the primary source of methane emissions?
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What are fluorinated gases often categorized as due to their environmental impact?
What are fluorinated gases often categorized as due to their environmental impact?
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What role do plants play in the carbon cycle concerning atmospheric gases?
What role do plants play in the carbon cycle concerning atmospheric gases?
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What is a significant consequence of the El Nino phenomenon?
What is a significant consequence of the El Nino phenomenon?
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Which of the following substances contributes to ozone layer depletion?
Which of the following substances contributes to ozone layer depletion?
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Which greenhouse gas is produced primarily from agricultural activities?
Which greenhouse gas is produced primarily from agricultural activities?
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What is a characteristic of hydrofluorocarbons?
What is a characteristic of hydrofluorocarbons?
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What is one of the consequences of nitrous oxide emissions?
What is one of the consequences of nitrous oxide emissions?
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What phenomenon is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific?
What phenomenon is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific?
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What is the main cause of global warming as mentioned in the content?
What is the main cause of global warming as mentioned in the content?
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Which term refers to gases that trap heat in the atmosphere?
Which term refers to gases that trap heat in the atmosphere?
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What effect does El Niño have on rainfall in the Philippines?
What effect does El Niño have on rainfall in the Philippines?
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The term 'El Niño' translates to what in Spanish?
The term 'El Niño' translates to what in Spanish?
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What is a notable impact of climate change mentioned in the text?
What is a notable impact of climate change mentioned in the text?
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What action is suggested as part of a holistic approach to climate change?
What action is suggested as part of a holistic approach to climate change?
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What is the duration of El Niño events as stated in the content?
What is the duration of El Niño events as stated in the content?
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What is one of the main effects of climate change that is related to precipitation patterns?
What is one of the main effects of climate change that is related to precipitation patterns?
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Which action is NOT a recommended way to lessen the effects of climate change?
Which action is NOT a recommended way to lessen the effects of climate change?
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Which of the following best describes 'mitigation' in the context of climate change?
Which of the following best describes 'mitigation' in the context of climate change?
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What is a goal of mitigation regarding climate change?
What is a goal of mitigation regarding climate change?
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What does the lengthened frost-free and growing season signify in relation to climate change?
What does the lengthened frost-free and growing season signify in relation to climate change?
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What is one potential consequence of extreme drought and heat waves due to climate change?
What is one potential consequence of extreme drought and heat waves due to climate change?
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Which is an important aspect of adaptation to climate change?
Which is an important aspect of adaptation to climate change?
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Which of the following is a benefit of employing renewable energy sources?
Which of the following is a benefit of employing renewable energy sources?
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What is the term used for when the sun is farthest from the earth?
What is the term used for when the sun is farthest from the earth?
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How is pressure related to weather conditions?
How is pressure related to weather conditions?
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What does relative humidity measure?
What does relative humidity measure?
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According to the idealized global circulation, where does heated air ascend?
According to the idealized global circulation, where does heated air ascend?
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What instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure?
What instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure?
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Which unit is typically used to measure temperature?
Which unit is typically used to measure temperature?
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What characteristic of air increases its capacity to hold water vapor?
What characteristic of air increases its capacity to hold water vapor?
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What happens to air that ascends at the equator as it moves towards the poles?
What happens to air that ascends at the equator as it moves towards the poles?
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Study Notes
Greenhouse Gases
- Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere
- Carbon dioxide (CO2): From burning fossil fuels, solid waste, trees, and biological materials.
- Methane (CH4): From the production, transport of coal, natural gas, and oil, livestock, agricultural practices, and decay of organic waste.
- Nitrous oxide (N2O): From agriculture, industrial activities, combustion of fossil fuels, solid waste, and wastewater treatment.
- Ozone Depletion: Thinning of ozone layer due to Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- Fluorinated Gases: Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride are potent greenhouse gases. They have a high global warming potential.
El Niño Phenomenon
- Warming of sea surface temperature in the Pacific.
- Affects air and sea currents.
La Niña Phenomenon
- Characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific.
- Causes increased numbers of tropical storms in the Pacific Ocean.
- Brings plenty of rain.
Global Warming
- Long-term heating of Earth’s climate system observed since the preindustrial period.
- Caused by human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere.
- Measured as the average increase in Earth’s global surface temperature.
Climate Change
- Refers to both human- and naturally produced warming and the effects it has on our planet.
- The long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s local, regional and global climates.
Effects of Climate Change
- Global Warming
- Lengthened Frost-free and Growing season
- Changes in precipitation patterns
- Extreme cyclone events
- Extreme drought and heat waves
- Iceberg melting
- Rise in sea level
Mitigation of Climate Change
- Reducing climate change through reducing the flow of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
- Reducing sources of these gases (for example, the burning of fossil fuels).
- Enhancing the “sinks” that accumulate and store these gases (such as the oceans, forests and soil).
- Goal: to avoid significant human interference with the climate system, and “stabilize greenhouse gas levels in a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner”
Adaptation
- Adapting to life in a changing climate – involves adjusting to actual or expected future climate.
Holistic Approaches to Climate Change
- Global Cooperation
- Enhanced government climate and environmental policies
- Changed energy sources, from non-renewables to renewables (not abrupt but gradual shift)
How to Lessen The Affects of Climate Change
- Speak up.
- Power your home with renewable energy.
- Invest in energy-efficient appliances.
- Reduce water waste.
- Reduce waste.
- Buy better bulbs.
- Pull the plugs (lessen energy consumption).
- Drive fuel-efficient vehicles.
- Shrink your carbon footprint and profiles.
Manila Subbasin and Pasig River Basin
- The Manila Subbasin is around 346 sq.km and part of the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin.
- It connects the whole basin to Manila Bay through the Pasig River.
- The Pasig River is connected to the Marikina River which has the largest drainage area in the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin (around 534.8 sq.km).
- The Marikina River Basin receives an average annual rainfall of approximately 2,750mm.
- The Pasig River changes flow direction depending on the time of the year.
Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin Overview
- The Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin is composed of Laguna, Rizal, and Metro Manila.
- About 55% of the basin is within Laguna.
- Rizal and NCR constitute around 23% and 11% of the basin respectively.
- Other areas within the basin are in Batangas, Cavite, Quezon, and Bulacan.
- The Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay basin is the 2nd largest major subbasin within the Manila Bay Watershed Area.
Laguna de Bay
- To mitigate flooding downstream (including Metro Manila), floodwaters are diverted to Laguna de Bay through the Rosario Weir (flood gate) and the Manggahan Floodway (diversion channel).
- The Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure (NHCS) controls the exchanges between Pasig River and Napindan Channel to regulate storage of flood waters in Laguna de Bay.
Sun-Earth Geometry
- Affects the solar radiation received at any location and time.
Atmospheric Parameters
- Pressure: Weather becomes stormy when air pressure falls and becomes fair when air pressure rises.
- Temperature: Amount of heat energy possessed by an object.
- Humidity: Amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity: measures the amount of water in the air in relation to the maximum amount of water vapor (moisture). The higher the temperature, the more water vapor the air can hold.
General Atmospheric Circulation
- Tropical Cell: Heated air ascends at the equator, proceeds toward the poles at upper levels, loses heat and descends toward the ground at latitude 30 °. Near the ground, it branches, one branch moving toward the equator and the other toward the pole.
Local Atmospheric Circulation
- Sea and Land Breezes
- Idealized global circulation
Barometer
- Instrument used to measure pressure.
Aphelion
- When the sun is farthest from the earth (occurs about July 4).
Perihelion
- When the sun is closest to the earth (occurs about January 3).
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Description
This quiz explores the impact of greenhouse gases on climate change, focusing on key contributors such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Additionally, it covers climatic phenomena like El Niño and La Niña and their influence on global weather patterns. Test your knowledge on these critical environmental topics!
