Climate Change and Extreme Weather

Study Notes

Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events

Definition: Extreme weather events refer to unusual and severe weather conditions, such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, and storms.
Impact of climate change: Climate change is leading to an increase in extreme weather events due to rising global temperatures, altered atmospheric circulation, and changes in precipitation patterns.
Examples:
- Heatwaves: increased frequency and duration, e.g., 2003 European heatwave, 2019 Australian heatwave
- Droughts: increased frequency and severity, e.g., 2012 US drought, 2018 Cape Town drought
- Floods: increased frequency and severity, e.g., 2010 Pakistan floods, 2012 Hurricane Sandy

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

Definition: ENSO is a natural climate cycle that affects the Pacific Ocean and has global climate implications.
Phases:
- El Niño: warming of the Pacific Ocean, leading to increased rainfall in the eastern Pacific and drought in the western Pacific.
- La Niña: cooling of the Pacific Ocean, leading to increased rainfall in the western Pacific and drought in the eastern Pacific.
Impacts on climate:
- Global temperature anomalies: El Niño tends to warm the planet, while La Niña tends to cool it.
- Extreme weather events: ENSO can influence the frequency and severity of droughts, floods, and heatwaves.

Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)

Definition: IOD is a natural climate cycle that affects the Indian Ocean and has regional climate implications.
Phases:
- Positive IOD: warming of the western Indian Ocean, leading to increased rainfall in eastern Africa and drought in Australia.
- Negative IOD: cooling of the western Indian Ocean, leading to increased rainfall in Australia and drought in eastern Africa.
Impacts on climate:
- Regional climate variability: IOD affects rainfall patterns in eastern Africa, Australia, and India.
- Extreme weather events: IOD can influence the frequency and severity of droughts and floods in the affected regions.

Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)

Definition: MJO is a natural climate cycle that affects the tropical atmosphere and has global climate implications.
Phases:
- Active phase: increased convection and rainfall over the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.
- Inactive phase: decreased convection and rainfall over the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.
Impacts on climate:
- Global climate variability: MJO affects global temperature and precipitation patterns.
- Extreme weather events: MJO can influence the frequency and severity of heavy rainfall, thunderstorms, and tropical cyclones.

Perubahan Iklim dan Kejadian Cuaca Ekstrem

Definisi: Kejadian cuaca ekstrem mengacu pada kondisi cuaca yang tidak biasa dan parah, seperti gelombang panas, kemarau, banjir, dan badai.
Dampak perubahan iklim: Perubahan iklim menyebabkan peningkatan kejadian cuaca ekstrem karena kenaikan suhu global, perubahan sirkulasi atmosfer, dan perubahan pola curah hujan.
Contoh:
- Gelombang panas: frekuensi dan durasi meningkat, misalnya gelombang panas Eropa 2003 dan gelombang panas Australia 2019.
- Kemarau: frekuensi dan keparahan meningkat, misalnya kemarau AS 2012 dan kemarau Cape Town 2018.
- Banjir: frekuensi dan keparahan meningkat, misalnya banjir Pakistan 2010 dan Badai Sandy 2012.

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

Definisi: ENSO adalah siklus iklim alami yang mempengaruhi Samudera Pasifik dan memiliki implikasi iklim global.
Fase:
- El Niño: pemanasan Samudera Pasifik, menyebabkan curah hujan meningkat di Pasifik Timur dan kemarau di Pasifik Barat.
- La Niña: pendinginan Samudera Pasifik, menyebabkan curah hujan meningkat di Pasifik Barat dan kemarau di Pasifik Timur.
Dampak pada iklim:
- Anomali suhu global: El Niño cenderung memanaskan planet, sedangkan La Niña cenderung mendinginkan.
- Kejadian cuaca ekstrem: ENSO dapat mempengaruhi frekuensi dan keparahan kemarau, banjir, dan gelombang panas.

Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)

Definisi: IOD adalah siklus iklim alami yang mempengaruhi Samudera Hindia dan memiliki implikasi iklim regional.
Fase:
- IOD positif: pemanasan Samudera Hindia Barat, menyebabkan curah hujan meningkat di Afrika Timur dan kemarau di Australia.
- IOD negatif: pendinginan Samudera Hindia Barat, menyebabkan curah hujan meningkat di Australia dan kemarau di Afrika Timur.
Dampak pada iklim:
- Variabilitas iklim regional: IOD mempengaruhi pola curah hujan di Afrika Timur, Australia, dan India.
- Kejadian cuaca ekstrem: IOD dapat mempengaruhi frekuensi dan keparahan kemarau dan banjir di wilayah yang terpengaruh.

Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)

Definisi: MJO adalah siklus iklim alami yang mempengaruhi atmosfer tropis dan memiliki implikasi iklim global.
Fase:
- Fase aktif: konveksi dan curah hujan meningkat di Samudera Hindia dan Pasifik.
- Fase tidak aktif: konveksi dan curah hujan menurun di Samudera Hindia dan Pasifik.
Dampak pada iklim:
- Variabilitas iklim global: MJO mempengaruhi pola suhu dan curah hujan global.
- Kejadian cuaca ekstrem: MJO dapat mempengaruhi frekuensi dan keparahan hujan lebat, badai petir, dan siklon tropis.

Description

Learn about the impact of climate change on extreme weather events such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, and storms. Discover how rising global temperatures and altered atmospheric circulation patterns contribute to these events.