Questions and Answers
What percentage of the earth's land surface do tropical rainforests cover?
Which layer is NOT part of the five vegetation layers in a tropical rainforest?
What type of forest has broadleaf deciduous trees that lose their leaves in the fall?
Which of the following is NOT a goal of Sereivathana Tuy regarding elephant protection?
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What is the main characteristic of cold northern coniferous forests, also known as taigas?
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Which ecological role do mountains NOT typically play?
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What process in tropical forests leads to higher nutrient storage compared to temperate forests?
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What impact has severe forest loss in Cambodia had on elephants?
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What term is used to describe the transitions between two different biomes or ecosystems?
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Which type of desert is characterized by low precipitation and extreme temperature differences between day and night?
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What adaptation do many desert plants have to minimize water loss?
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How do smaller desert animals typically cope with extreme heat or drought?
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What is a significant reason why grasslands do not develop into forests?
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Which type of desert is known for having sparse vegetation and being mainly cold?
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Which of the following adaptations is common in insects and reptiles living in deserts?
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What is the primary reason for the slow recovery of desert soils from disturbances?
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What differentiates weather from climate?
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Which factor does NOT significantly affect climate variations on Earth?
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How do prevailing winds influence ocean currents?
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Which of the following statements about Earth's climate zones is true?
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What is the role of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in climate?
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What primarily causes uneven heating of the Earth's surface?
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Which one of the following factors contributes to the formation of convection cells?
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What effect do major ocean currents have on climate and vegetation?
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What is the primary benefit provided by zooxanthellae to coral polyps?
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Which of the following statements about coral reefs is false?
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What is a major long-term threat to coral reefs caused by rising seawater temperatures?
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Where in the ocean does net primary productivity (NPP) tend to be highest?
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Which zone of the ocean contains the darkest and coldest environments?
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What contributes the most to the Earth's overall net primary productivity?
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How are marine ecosystems affected by human activities?
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What phenomenon occurs when marine organisms face challenges building hard structures due to changes in water chemistry?
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What do oligotrophic lakes primarily lack that affects their productivity?
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What is the primary role of a watershed?
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Which zone of a deep lake contains sediments that provide nutrients for organisms?
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Cultural eutrophication is primarily caused by which of the following?
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What characterizes the transition zone in freshwater ecosystems?
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Which of the following describes the limnetic zone in a deep lake?
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What is the key characteristic of freshwater ecosystems compared to marine ecosystems?
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How do deeper zones of a lake receive nutrients?
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Study Notes
Climate and Ecosystem Biodiversity
- Weather vs. Climate: Weather refers to short-term physical conditions like temperature and precipitation, while climate is the long-term general pattern of atmospheric conditions in an area, spanning 30 years to thousands of years.
- Climate Zones: Earth’s major climate zones, along with ocean currents, are crucial components of natural capital.
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Factors Influencing Climate:
- Greenhouse gases contribute to atmospheric conditions.
- Air movement is driven by solar energy and the Earth's rotation, with Hadley cells illustrating convection patterns.
- Uneven heating occurs due to the sun’s direct rays at the equator versus indirect rays near the poles.
- Global air circulation and ocean currents distribute heat and precipitation unevenly.
- Ocean Currents: Prevailing winds cause ocean currents which redistribute solar heat, notably influencing climate and vegetation in coastal areas.
- El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): This phenomenon exemplifies the interaction between ocean and atmosphere.
Desert Ecosystems
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Types of Deserts:
- Tropical deserts (e.g., Sahara): Hot and dry, minimal vegetation.
- Temperate deserts: Seasonal temperature variations, more precipitation, notably with cacti.
- Cold deserts (e.g., Gobi): Low vegetation and cold summers.
- Desert Soil Recovery: It takes decades to centuries for desert soils to recover from disturbances due to slow nutrient cycling and plant growth.
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Desert Survival Adaptations:
- Plants minimize water loss with specialized leaves and deep root systems.
- Desert animals exhibit behaviors like nocturnal activity and dormancy during extreme conditions.
Grassland Ecosystems
- Locations: Found mostly in continental interiors, grasslands are too moist for deserts yet too dry for forests.
- Governing Factors: Seasonal droughts, herbivore grazing, and occasional fires prevent the advancement of shrubs and trees.
- Biological Diversity: Grasslands cover about 7% of Earth's land yet house around 50% of terrestrial species.
- Types of Grasslands: Includes tropical grasslands (savannas), temperate grasslands (prairies), and cold grasslands (tundras).
Forest Ecosystems
- Temperate Deciduous Forests: Characterized by broadleaf deciduous trees, these forests experience warm summers and cold winters, featuring rich nutrient storage due to slower decomposition.
- Coastal Coniferous Forests: Also known as temperate rainforests, these areas receive ample moisture from rain and fog, dominated by evergreen coniferous trees.
- Boreal Forests: Also called taigas, these forests are found in cold northern regions, characterized by limited sunlight and acidic soil from decomposing conifer needles.
Coral Reef and Marine Ecosystems
- Coral Reefs: Vital for coastal protection, they provide habitats for diverse marine life and account for approximately 10% of the global fish catch.
- Threats to Coral Reefs: Climate change, ocean acidification, and coral bleaching pose significant risks.
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Open Ocean Zones:
- The euphotic zone is well-lit, supporting phytoplankton.
- The bathyal zone receives little light, while the abyssal zone is dark and cold, relying on marine snow for sustenance.
- Net Primary Productivity: Generally low in the open sea, but upwelling areas can boost nutrient availability.
Freshwater Ecosystems
- Types: Comprise standing (lakes, ponds) and flowing (rivers, streams) water bodies, covering less than 2.5% of Earth's surface.
- Lake Zones: Include littoral, limnetic, profundal, and benthic zones, each with distinct ecological features.
- Nutrient Classification: Oligotrophic lakes have low nutrient levels, while eutrophic lakes are nutrient-rich, leading to high productivity.
- Eutrophication: Cultural eutrophication accelerates algal blooms due to human nutrient inputs.
Freshwater Streams and Rivers
- Watershed Dynamics: Water flows from mountain sources down through transition zones into rivers before reaching oceans.
- Life Zones: Characterized by source, transition, and floodplain zones, each exhibiting varied environmental conditions.
Human Impact on Ecosystems
- Major threats include habitat destruction and pollution, impacting coastal marshes, mangrove forests, and coral reefs.
- Climate change leads to rising sea levels and increased ocean temperatures, disrupting marine environments and encouraging species loss.
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Description
Explore the intricate relationships between weather, climate, and ecosystems in this quiz on biodiversity. Learn about climate zones, factors influencing climate patterns, and the role of ocean currents in shaping the environment. This quiz will deepen your understanding of climate dynamics and their ecological impacts.
