Clerical Work and Women's Employment After 1970
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Clerical Work and Women's Employment After 1970

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What factors contributed to the decline in clerical jobs for women in the United States banking industry during the late 20th century?

Technological changes like automated teller machines (ATMs) and online banking reduced the need for bank tellers, leading to job losses disproportionately affecting women in clerical roles.

How did the automation of clerical work impact the gender dynamics of employment in the banking sector?

While automation led to job losses for women in clerical roles, it simultaneously benefited men who often dominated newly created technical and professional jobs like computer programming.

What was the broader impact of automation on the skill level of bank employees in the United States between 1975 and 1995?

The proportion of bank workers in clerical jobs declined, while the share in professional jobs increased from 9% to 18%, making bank employees as a group more skilled due to the automation of lower-skilled clerical positions.

How did the spatial relocation of clerical jobs impact employment opportunities for women of color in urban areas?

<p>The relocation of routinized clerical functions from central cities to suburbs and rural areas decreased local job opportunities for women of color, who are more likely to live in central cities, leading to lengthy reverse commutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influenced the initial relocation of clerical jobs to suburban areas in the mid-1960s?

<p>Employers hoped to draw on the labor supply of white, married, relatively well-educated suburban women, who were seen as the 'ideal' clerical workers, while benefiting from lower land and labor costs in suburban areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did public policies and residential patterns contribute to the geographical separation of clerical jobs from urban centers?

<p>Public policies that encouraged suburban growth, white flight from cities, and disinvestment in cities, combined with the residential patterns of people of color being more likely to live in central cities, exacerbated the separation of clerical jobs from urban areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the relocation of call centers to strip malls, urban fringes, and rural areas?

<p>The relocation of call centers to these areas further distances clerical jobs from corporate front offices and urban centers, potentially exacerbating the challenges faced by urban residents, particularly women of color, in accessing these employment opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the globalization of services impacted the location of clerical jobs?

<p>The globalization of services has led to the outsourcing of routinized clerical jobs to countries like India, Jamaica, and Singapore, which have a lower-wage but well-educated, Anglophone workforce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What new types of jobs have emerged as a result of technological changes in the clerical sector, and how do they differ from traditional clerical roles?

<p>New jobs have emerged in areas like data processing, call centers, accounting, and computer programming. These jobs often place value on 'people skills' traditionally associated with feminine traits, in contrast to traditional clerical roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the relocation of clerical jobs from downtown areas to suburbs and other locations reflect and reinforce existing social and economic disparities?

<p>The relocation of clerical jobs away from central cities, where people of color and low-income populations were more likely to reside, reflected and reinforced existing residential segregation patterns and economic disparities faced by these communities in accessing employment opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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