Cleaner Production: Global Implementation

Cleaner Production Overview

• Cleaner Production provides the rationale for local and global implementation
• Benefits and needs are examined
• Implementation drivers and barriers are considered
• Activities of global groups, like UNEP, are discussed
• Emphasizes the importance of implementing Cleaner Production at all levels and by whatever name

Introduction to Cleaner Production

• Pollution prevention has been an integrated approach for a few decades
• Many governments resisted or did not consider it strategically important until recently
• Companies neglected environmental management due to ignorance or poor judgement
• International organizations like UNEP, UNIDO, and EEA are impacting environmental approaches

Global Perspective

• Waste and pollutants are released faster than the earth can absorb due to population and industrialization
• Natural resources are consumed faster than they can be restored
• The global population to increase by about 3 billion by 2025
• Assessments suggest over 90% reductions needed by 2040 to meet needs within carrying capacity
• Sustainable development requires redesigning production, products, and services
• New policy, management tools, and environmentally sound technologies are vital for pollution prevention

Pollution Control Measures

• European Environmental Agency describes pollution control as, foul and flee, dilute and disperse, concentrate and contain
• Foul and flee is typical of hunter-gatherer societies with low population densities
• Dilute & disperse has seemed adequate but depends on nature's capacity and is still carried out
• Concentrate & contain involves landfills, offering containment for objectionable wastes
• Prevention is a potentially better solution, requiring examination of the production and consumption chain
• Pollution control became a business in environmental technology and can involve transferring pollution
• Cleaner Production integrates environmental decisions into business decisions

Control and Strategy

• Direction of environmental management has moved over past decades
• Firms operate in their strategic environment where the environment's importance varies
• Cleaner Production considers business needs within social, governance, and economic priorities
• UNEP coined Cleaner Production concept in September 1990 for a global approach to environmental disturbances

Evolution and Importance

• Cleaner Production makes its presence felt internationally, nationally, and at company levels
• Pollution prevention is the name used the US
• Pollution Prevention Roundtables attract informed participants
• End-of-pipe and treatment scenarios should be discarded for source control
• Disposal should be a last resort
• Green Productivity and Clean Technology terms are used in Asia and eco-efficiency is promoted
• Environmental issues are global in nature
• Global issues are: greenhouse gases, ozone depletion, biodiversity loss, acid rain, noise, accidents, and pollution

Core Principles

• Tackle environmental problems
• Is a broad concept involving:
• Waste minimization
• Maximizing resource utilization
• Minimizing harmful chemical usage
• Maximizing benefit to and from people
• Minimizing energy use
• Minimizing environmental impact

Defining Cleaner Production

• Continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy
• Increases efficiency
• Reduces risks to humans and the environment

Production and Services

• Production processes conserve materials and energy
• Eliminates toxic materials
• Reduces quantity/toxicity of emissions/wastes before leaving the process
• Product strategy reduces impacts along entire product lifecycle
• Raw materials extraction to ultimate disposal
• Services reduce environmental impact over the entire lifecycle
• System design and use to resource consumption
• Requires applying know-how, and improving technology
• Eco-efficiency, pollution prevention, waste minimization, and source reduction
• Term encompasses comprehensive approach to production
• It covers impacts, design, utilization, and use of raw materials and energy
• Covers wastes (hazardous/toxic or not) emitted into any place

Cleaner Production Mindset

• Moving pollution is not acceptable
• Cleaner Production requires improving efficiency in tools and managerial skills
• It requires policies with the use of technology
• Focus on design and use of products/services
• Cleaner Production is a mindset to produce goods/services with less environmental damage
• It looks at reduction of wastes/residuals/by-products

Problem Solving

• Examines the waste production causes, called the root problem, in depth
• Encourages preventative mindsets
• Alternative solutions to cause minimal environmental problems
• Improve the work environment
• Save resources
• Changes in technology, perceptions, supply/demand influence Cleaner Production solutions.
• Changes in economics change the attractiveness of specific opportunities

Practice

• Efforts focus on different components of the environmental burden
• Results in different subsets with specific tools and methods
• Best known are Pollution Prevention (PP), Toxics Use Reduction (TUR), and Design for the Environment (DfE)

The Why

• Most effective way in the long run to design and operate processes and develop more products
• Costs of wastes/emissions/negative enviornmental and health impacts, avoided and minimized
• Costs continue to grow and regulations become more aggressive which adds to the business
• Processes are more efficient with less materials that generate less
• Recognize that change comes from within and sustainable change is not against firm needs desires
• Economic and substantial benefits directly related

Economic and Enviromental Benefits

• Saving money
• Preventing pollution
• Complying with environmental legislation
• Increase firm efficiency
• Increase the competitive ability of the firm
• Compare firm turnover with the savings from activity
• Reduction of defective products
• Improve worker morale and involvement
• Gain a better image with customers
• Increase sales/profits
• Make income from sale products
• Make new product development
• Enhancement of environmental performance is ultimate aim

Why Not Widespread?

• Entrenched habits prevent use
• No knowledge and awareness
• No experience with the concept
• There is a reluctance
• Low priority ranking due to high costs
• Overwhelming focus on end of pipe
• Fear of change
• Lack of good costing data
• Lack of knowledge
• Lack of initiative for employee participation
• People factors determine adoption rate
• Requires attitudinal changes
• Is complete culture shift
• The implementation needs commitment at all levels
• Ex. Involve workers by working in company goals and reviewing for toxics and waste
• Employees are major influence on the timing, and extent
• The success of Clean production is this consideration

Approaches Comparison

• Pollution control approaches.
• Pollutants are controlled
• Pollution control is evaluated when problems happen
• Cost is a factor considered
• Environmental challenges are addressed by experts
• Improvements by technology
• Meeting customer requirments
• Cleaner Production approach
• Pollutants are prevented
• Preventon part of devolpment
• Pollutants considered to be a resource
• Responsibility throughout company
• Continuousl working toachieve

Global Implementation

• Consumer and environmental advocacy groups are working to change societal perceptions
• International agreements (Montreal Protocol) had impact on chlorofluorocarbons
• Prevent Global warming is very difficult because substitutes are not easy to find
• Programs and regulations supports activities for CP
• Economics for adoption is key
• Profit, reduced risk, etc

The Production Concept

• Cleaner Production at the firm level:
• Housekeeping
• On-site recycle
• Search for by-product use
• Process control and optimisation
• Technology changes
• Input changes
• Changes to products
• Increased lowering of prices -Planning with environmentally aware mind
• Implementing EMSs
• Looking for cleaner technologies
• Analyzing over long term -Considering personal values -Looking for triple benefit bottom line -United nations actively supporting through programs

UNEP Program

• Help eliminate barriers and increase worldwide uptake
• Increase awareness of prevention in protection
• help government and industry develop
• Works through things like Training and assistance
• Publications,
• Working Grps,
• Cleaninghouse

UNEPs activities

• Active support through:
• Industry
• National Centres
• Workshops -Publications is also important. -Booklets -Life Cycle Assessments -Booklets include: paper, metal industries -Working Groups exist -Made up of highly diverse experts donating time -Gives reviews

CP in Australia

• ANZCECC in Australia and New Zealand Strategy
• Discussions held with primes, gov, industry. Series of papers prepared
• Federal Government had been in place of operation. Conducted a DEMO that has been shared online with details
• Most states some kind of CP program.
• Task force in Queensland was setup and active. Australia Cleaner Production Associations

Worldwide

• UN Industrial and DEV ORG have launched NC Production Center to promote cleaner.
• Promotes local for info

International Companies taking responsibility

• 3M, DuPont, Ford companies are taking active lead in CM.

3M Vision

• Goal of pollution prevention by corporate
• Implemented worldwide. Estimates show; Records
• -Cut of injury and illness 50%
• emissions 80 percent
• Cut Releases 75%
• Solid rates 16 percent
• Energy use 15 percent 3p results: projects 4,651
• Pollution preventable pounds 1.5 B
• Cost savings $810 million

Life Cycle Assessment

• LCA can help compare products using the same inputs
• Assessments are not for everyone to perform but give context generators for quantitative info -assessments can be from simple/rapid to complex

Assessemnt definition

-LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT is assessing product at every step of life and effects

• LC Assessemnt identifies at the stages of production where environment impact

LCA Steps

-Scoping Boundary definition -inventory -Impact of components

• impact assessment

Consideration in Life Cycle

• Raw material extraction production
• Product Manufacture packing
• Energy use
• Waste omission
• Process is complex and must ensure date is of use and quality

CP in Action

• Apply to all stages
• Is primarily basic design Operational management
• Corporate policies -Financial -Compliance -Liability -Ethics

Implementing

• Starts with commitment by objectives of management
• Assassment must process -process flow diagram -analyze each -Materials -savings -assess each change -recommmendations -plan and review.

Assessment goals

• Characterize resources of waste, idenitfiy, cause generation. Is divided into 5 stages.

1. planning organisation
2. EVALUATION
3. INVESTIGATION
4. PRELIM. 5.IMP.

• CP implementation phases are 5 separate factors -commitment, analysis, generation of options, feasibility, implementation From environment of business, profiting Clean Production

Committment

• Commitment by management leads to project success.
• Production program is a change to thinking and working, change relates to other people.
• Past v. Future management models - look at slides for details
• A goal requires program motivation and what the company is trying to target:

Goals

• Optimization of economic efficiency
• Financial -Better moral
• Improvements in the community
• Not just Waste Minimization
• Waste can be defined as a liability
• Focuses on the costs -purchase -process and treatment -down time -lost opertnunites -labor and mantience Is about the value

Assessment and data

• Assessment process aims to find the environmental impacts
• Three important functions; analysis, inventory and integration to daily operation
• assessment can give an overview of the site
• The detailed data comes next and focusing on proorrites
• can be carried out in three distinct forms -presire questioning -site visit -reporting Data Staff, book information etc
• site process review can be very informative, not getting bogged in irrelevant details
• operations in the following operations has it
• receival
• storage
• transport operations
• processes
• management
• management routines is an portion diagram Documents
• SOP,HAZOP.

Analysis phases

• Charts and other data.
• The site can be followed by walkthrough -Company can brainstorm -The walkthrough allows people to get better CP

Flows

• flowcharts are a picture for others

Outputs and charts

• Output needed data quality important
• It’s vital to know and share
• Finding the cost important

Waste Cost

• Demonstrates a benchmark
• There are many variables, is very important -Often wastes can be analyzed by brainstorm tools -Is the equipment efficient in storage -poor process or process

CP options

• Options generate by costs that allows you to analyze it
• Generate CP using Eliminate-Use those key words This can be very useful

Feasibility assessment

Option Assessment generates it

-Requires assessment -Screen relevance

• Focus on a benefit
• Look for things that have a high environmental impact
• Technical options must have staff support

Evaluation of Envirornment

• Improvements that can improve the CP are important
• Improve existing environments and effects -Reduction -Consider environmental -Cost wise what are the real profits

Review and Implementation

-CP Implementation is the next stage -plan has to have diff features on management

• Implement timetables with milestones -CEO reports -Encourage all to participate.
• review feedback implement it

Technology and Skills required Overview

• Treatment methods can be necessary
• impossible to define
• pollution could be
• Definition is defined number of ways
• can't accurately describe and use blanket
• Assessing is essential: get information
• Achieve ZERO
• Environmental effects

What is pollution

• Things that cause harm of all types, such as temparature -also other impacts such as dangerours, prodrugs materials.
• There are several international protocols in place
• Ozone and bio diverse are important but less important for cleaner Sampling
• Critical Data and verification, and what does it all produced
• benchmarks is important

Types

Waste. Source reduction. Recycling

Air Pollution control.

• Must aim to treat,
• Avoid by CP
• Control Technologies: -cyclones Flares Adsorption Condensation Absorption
• What about startup shut down

Odor

• Is difficult and expensive to measure
• Odour controlls - after burning control
• Check Air flow

H20

Aquatic loads are created

• types and methods.