Questions and Answers
Which of the following characteristics describe roundworms?
Which of the following are types of flatworms?
What is the definition of tapeworms?
Long, flat, segmented
What shape are flukes?
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Name a type of small roundworm.
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What are the intermediate hosts used for?
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What symptoms are associated with Pinworm infections?
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Tapeworms have a digestive system.
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What method is used for diagnosing Trichinella spiralis infection?
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What method do hookworms use to infect hosts?
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Freezing kills both flatworms and roundworms.
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What is the larval migration phase for Ascaris lumbricoides?
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What is a common symptom of Wuchereria bancrofti infection?
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Study Notes
Classification of Worms
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Roundworms (Nematoda):
- Include both large (Nematoda) and small (Filariae) species.
- Unsegmented with tougher outer coating.
- Exhibit separate sexes.
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Flatworms:
- Possess both male and female reproductive organs.
- Softer outer coating compared to roundworms.
Types of Flatworms
- Cestodes (Tapeworms): Characterized by long, flat, segmented bodies.
- Trematodes (Flukes): Include organ and blood flukes.
Cestodes - Tapeworms
- Types include:
- Taenia species: Beef and pork tapeworms.
- Diphyllobothrium latum: Found in fish.
Trematodes - Flukes
- Comprised of organ flukes and three Schistosoma species responsible for blood flukes.
Hosts in Worm Life Cycle
- Intermediate Host: Hosts harboring larvae, essential for the worm's developmental stages.
- Definitive Host: Hosts that contain the adult worm which reproduces and consumes nutrients.
Effects of Worm Infections
- General effects: Decrease host resistance, cause tissue inflammation, malnutrition, and hypersensitivity.
- Localized effects: Obstruct fluid/blood flow and damage epithelial tissues.
Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis)
- Egg Laying: Eggs are laid on the perianum, not in feces; can be dislodged by scratching.
- Symptoms: Includes perianal itching, irritability, decreased appetite; one-third of cases are asymptomatic.
- Epidemiology: Highly common in children; most prevalent parasitic worm in the U.S.
- Diagnosis: Utilizes O&P testing and scotch tape prep.
Whipworm (Trichuris Trichura)
- Symptoms: Vary from light to heavy infections; can cause intestinal obstruction and rectal prolapse in children.
- Transmission: Ingestion of eggs with further egg production occurring in the intestines.
Ascaris lumbricoides (Large Intestinal Roundworm)
- Prevalence: Most common nematode worldwide; prevalent in farm animals and humans.
- Transmission: Through feces; eggs embryonate in soil.
- Larval Migration: Travels from GI to liver, then to lungs; cough/swallow brings larvae back to GI.
- Symptoms: Range from asymptomatic to abdominal discomfort; transient pulmonary issues during migration.
- Diagnosis: O&P testing and identifying adult worms in stool, nose, or mouth.
Hookworm
- Species: Necatur Americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale.
- Infection Method: Larvae penetrate skin from soil; undergo larval migration phase similar to Ascaris.
- Symptoms: Includes ground itch, pulmonary issues, and anemia from blood feeding.
Trichinella Spiralis (Trichinosis)
- Infection Method: Larvae cysts are ingested in undercooked meat, notably pork or bear.
- Symptoms: Migration to muscles, including deltoid and diaphragm, possibly affecting the brain.
- Diagnosis: Requires muscle biopsy; no O&P.
Wuchereria Bancrofti (Elephantiasis)
- Transmission: Via mosquito bites.
- Symptoms: Blockage of lymphatic ducts and immune reactions to dying worms.
- Diagnosis: Detection of microfilariae in blood/subcutaneous tissue; parasites are active during host's rest.
Unique Features
- Tapeworms: Lack digestive systems, relying on host digestion.
-
Body Plan:
- Tapeworms have a scolex (suckers) and proglottids containing reproductive structures.
- Flukes exhibit oral and ventral suckers.
Treatment Considerations
- Freezing: Effective against flatworms, but does not kill roundworms.
- Blood Flukes: Symptoms may include swimmer's itch and bleeding, particularly at entry points.
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Description
This quiz offers a comprehensive overview of different types of worms, including roundworms and flatworms, along with their classifications. Learn about the characteristics of nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes through interactive flashcards.
