Classification of Matter

Matter and Its Classification

• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space
• Classification of matter:
  • Pure Substance: matter with a fixed composition and distinct properties
  • Elements: substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
  • Compounds: substances composed of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions
  • Mixtures: physical combinations of two or more substances

Types of Mixtures

• Mechanical Mixture: mixture where different components can be seen as separate
• Solution: homogeneous mixture where components are evenly distributed
• Homogeneous Mixture: ingredients cannot be visibly distinguished
• Heterogeneous Mixture: ingredients can be visibly distinguished

Particle Theory of Matter

• All matter is made up of tiny particles with empty spaces between them
• Different substances are made up of different kinds of particles
• Particles are in constant motion
• Particle motion increases with increasing temperature
• Particles attract each other

Physical Properties

Qualitative Physical Properties

• Color: the hue or shade of the substance
• Odor: the smell of the substance
• State: the physical state of the substance at room temperature
• Texture: how the substance feels to the touch
• Lustre: the shininess or dullness of the substance
• Malleability: the ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets

Quantitative Physical Properties

• Viscosity: the resistance of a liquid to flow
• Melting Point: the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid
• Boiling Point: the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas
• Density: the mass of a substance per unit volume (Density = Mass / Volume)
• Conductivity: the ability of a substance to conduct electricity or heat

Density Formula and Meaning

• Density is defined as mass per unit volume
• Formula: Density = Mass / Volume

States of Matter

• Solid: definite shape and volume
• Liquid: definite volume, shape of container
• Gas: neither definite shape nor volume

Chemical Properties

• Reactivity with Water/Oxygen/Acids: how a substance reacts chemically with these substances
• Combustibility: the ability of a substance to burn in the presence of oxygen
• Stability and Toxicity: how stable a substance is under various conditions and its potential harm to living organisms