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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of synovial fluid in a synovial joint?
What is the primary function of synovial fluid in a synovial joint?
Which type of ligament is found outside the articular capsule of a synovial joint?
Which type of ligament is found outside the articular capsule of a synovial joint?
What type of movement does a hinge joint primarily allow?
What type of movement does a hinge joint primarily allow?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a saddle joint?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a saddle joint?
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Which structure acts as a cushion and shock absorber in certain synovial joints?
Which structure acts as a cushion and shock absorber in certain synovial joints?
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What type of synovial joint is characterized by a rounded portion of a bone rotating within a ring?
What type of synovial joint is characterized by a rounded portion of a bone rotating within a ring?
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Which type of synovial joint allows bending and straightening along with side-to-side movement?
Which type of synovial joint allows bending and straightening along with side-to-side movement?
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The small oval structure found between articulating bones in some joints is known as what?
The small oval structure found between articulating bones in some joints is known as what?
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Which classification of joint allows for the widest range of movement?
Which classification of joint allows for the widest range of movement?
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What type of joint is most synonymous with immobility?
What type of joint is most synonymous with immobility?
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Which type of connective tissue is involved in syndesmosis joints?
Which type of connective tissue is involved in syndesmosis joints?
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What best describes a key feature of synovial joints?
What best describes a key feature of synovial joints?
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What characterizes a synchondrosis joint?
What characterizes a synchondrosis joint?
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Which fibrous joint provides a degree of movement between bones?
Which fibrous joint provides a degree of movement between bones?
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Which statement about cartilaginous joints is correct?
Which statement about cartilaginous joints is correct?
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What role does articular cartilage play in synovial joints?
What role does articular cartilage play in synovial joints?
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Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
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What occurs during the movement known as abduction?
What occurs during the movement known as abduction?
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Which term describes the bending of the neck towards the right or left side?
Which term describes the bending of the neck towards the right or left side?
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What movement is characterized by one bone rotating in relation to another bone?
What movement is characterized by one bone rotating in relation to another bone?
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Which of the following movements involves the bottom of the foot turning toward the midline?
Which of the following movements involves the bottom of the foot turning toward the midline?
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What defines hyperextension in terms of body movement?
What defines hyperextension in terms of body movement?
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In which position is the upper limb held next to the body with the palm facing forward?
In which position is the upper limb held next to the body with the palm facing forward?
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What happens during protraction of the shoulder?
What happens during protraction of the shoulder?
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What does elevation refer to in the context of body movements?
What does elevation refer to in the context of body movements?
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What type of body movement occurs when the mandible moves left or right?
What type of body movement occurs when the mandible moves left or right?
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During superior rotation of the scapula, which movement occurs?
During superior rotation of the scapula, which movement occurs?
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What is the term for the thumb movement that brings its tip into contact with a finger tip?
What is the term for the thumb movement that brings its tip into contact with a finger tip?
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Which joint allows for the flexion and extension of the head?
Which joint allows for the flexion and extension of the head?
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What action does the temporomandibular joint primarily facilitate?
What action does the temporomandibular joint primarily facilitate?
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Which region of the vertebral column has the greatest range of motion?
Which region of the vertebral column has the greatest range of motion?
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What is the primary action of repositing the thumb?
What is the primary action of repositing the thumb?
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What is the primary role of the ligament of the head of the femur?
What is the primary role of the ligament of the head of the femur?
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Which joint is referred to as the largest joint in the body?
Which joint is referred to as the largest joint in the body?
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What type of joint movement occurs at the knee joint?
What type of joint movement occurs at the knee joint?
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What do the articular discs in the knee joint primarily provide?
What do the articular discs in the knee joint primarily provide?
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Which of the following ligaments is classified as an extrinsic ligament in the knee joint?
Which of the following ligaments is classified as an extrinsic ligament in the knee joint?
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What is the main function of the deltoid ligament in the ankle joint?
What is the main function of the deltoid ligament in the ankle joint?
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Which ligaments attach from the malleolus to the talus and calcaneus bones in the ankle?
Which ligaments attach from the malleolus to the talus and calcaneus bones in the ankle?
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What is the primary role of the intrinsic ligaments in the knee joint?
What is the primary role of the intrinsic ligaments in the knee joint?
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Study Notes
Classification of Joints
- Articulation - where bones or bone and cartilage meet.
-
Structural Classification - based on connecting tissue:
- Fibrous - connected by fibrous connective tissue.
- Cartilaginous - connected by cartilage.
- Synovial - bones contact within a fluid-filled cavity.
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Functional Classification - based on mobility:
- Synarthrosis - immobile or nearly immobile.
- Amphiarthrosis - limited mobility, cartilaginous joints
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Diarthrosis - freely mobile, synovial joints.
- Uniaxial - one plane of motion.
- Biaxial - two planes of motion.
- Multiaxial - several directions of motion.
Fibrous Joints
- Ligament - strong band of fibrous connective tissue connecting bones.
- Suture - immobile joint in skull, strong protection for brain and face.
- Fontanelle - areas of wider connective tissue in skull, allowing flexibility during birth.
- Synostosis - ossified connective tissue in skull.
- Syndesmosis - two parallel bones united by fibrous connective tissue, minimal movement.
- Gomphosis - anchors tooth root to bony socket, immobile.
Cartilaginous Joints
-
Synchondrosis - bones joined by hyaline cartilage, no movement between bones or cartilage.
- Temporary - epiphyseal plate.
- Permanent - uniting ribs to sternum.
Synovial Joints
- Most common type of joint.
- Fluid-filled joint cavity.
- Increased mobility.
- Articular Capsule - fibrous connective tissue surrounding the joint.
- Articular Cartilage - hyaline cartilage covering articulating surfaces, reduces friction.
- Synovial Membrane - lining of capsule, secretes synovial fluid for lubrication.
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Ligaments - support the joint, limit movement.
- Extrinsic - outside the capsule.
- Intrinsic - incorporated into the capsule.
- Intracapsular - inside the capsule.
- Tendon - connective tissue attaching muscle to bone, provides additional support.
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Articular Disc - found in some joints, between articulating bones.
- Articular Disc - small and oval.
- Meniscus - larger and c-shaped.
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Bursa - fluid-filled connective tissue sac for cushioning.
- Subcutaneous - between skin and bone.
- Submuscular - between muscle and bone.
- Subtendinous - between tendon and bone.
Types of Synovial Joints
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Pivot Joint - rounded bone fits into a ring formed by another bone and ligament, allows rotation.
- Example - Atlantoaxial joint.
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Hinge Joint - convex end of one bone fits into a concave end of another, allows bending and straightening.
- Example - knee, ankle, elbow, and interphalangeal joints.
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Condyloid Joint - shallow depression at the end of one bone fits a rounded structure on another bone, allows bending/straightening and side-to-side movement.
- Example - Knuckle joints, radiocarpal joint.
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Saddle Joint - both articulating surfaces have a saddle shape, allowing two directions of motion.
- Example - carpometacarpal (thumb).
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Plane Joint - articulating surfaces are flat, allowing sliding and limited movement.
- Example - between carpal bones and tarsal bones
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Ball and Socket Joint - greatest range of motion, rounded head fits into concave articulation.
- Example - hip and shoulder joints.
Types of Body Movements
- Flexion and Extension - movements along the sagittal plane (forward and backward).
- Lateral Flexion - bending neck to the side.
- Abduction and Adduction - movements along coronal plane (medial-lateral).
- Circumduction - circular movement of a body part.
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Rotation - twisting movement.
- Medial Rotation - anterior surface of a limb moves toward midline.
- Lateral Rotation - anterior surface of limb moves away from midline.
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Supination and Pronation - movements of the hand.
- Supination - palm faces forward.
- Pronation - palm faces backward.
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Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion - movements at the ankle.
- Dorsiflexion - lifting the foot toward the shin.
- Plantar Flexion - pointing the toes downward.
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Inversion and Eversion - movements at the subtalar joint (ankle).
- Inversion - turning the sole of the foot inward.
- Eversion - turning the sole of the foot outward.
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Protraction and Retraction - movements of the scapula or mandible.
- Protraction - movement forward.
- Retraction - movement backward.
- Depression and Elevation - upward and downward movements of the scapula or mandible.
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Excursion - side-to-side movement of the mandible.
- Lateral - moving mandible away from midline.
- Medial - moving mandible toward midline.
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Superior and Inferior Rotation - movements of the scapula.
- Superior Rotation - glenoid cavity moves upward.
- Inferior Rotation - glenoid cavity moves downward.
- Opposition - thumb movement bringing its tip in contact with other fingers.
- Reposition - returning thumb to anatomical position.
Vertebral Column
- Zygapophyseal Joints - synovial joints between vertebrae, allowing limited motion.
- Atlanto-Occipital Joint - between atlas and occipital condyles of skull, allows head flexion and extension.
- Atlantoaxial Joint - between atlas and axis, allows head rotation.
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
- Articulation - between mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone, and the condyle of the mandible.
- Allows:
- Mandibular Depression (opening mouth).
- Mandibular Elevation (closing mouth).
- Protraction/Retraction (side-to-side movement).
Hip Joint
- Ligament of the head of the femur - inside the capsule, provides a pathway for the artery to the femoral head.
Knee Joint
- Largest joint in the body.
- Three articulations - femoropatellar, medial tibiofemoral, and lateral tibiofemoral joints.
- Hinge Joint - allows rolling and gliding motions between the femur and tibia.
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Femoropatellar Joint - patella slides in a groove on the femur.
- Patellar Ligament - from patella to the tibia.
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Articular Discs - fibrocartilage attached to the tibia.
- Lateral Meniscus
- Medial Meniscus
-
Ligaments - provide support:
- Extrinsic - outside the capsule (fibular collateral and tibial collateral).
- Intrinsic - inside the capsule (anterior and posterior cruciate).
Ankle and Foot Joints
- Talocrural Joint (ankle) - articulation between talus and the distal ends of tibia and fibula.
- Subtalar Joint - between talus and calcaneus bones.
-
Talocrural Ligaments - connect malleoli to the talus and calcaneus.
- Deltoid Ligament - medial side.
- Lateral Ligaments - anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular (lateral side).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the classification of joints, including their structural and functional types. This quiz covers the characteristics of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints along with their mobility classifications. Get ready to identify the features of various types of joints in the human body.
