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Questions and Answers
Which type of fruit has a pericarp that becomes dry and remains attached to the plant, splitting when ripe to release the enclosed seeds?
What is the characteristic of a fruit that is formed from a bicarpellary, bilocular inferior ovary?
What is the primary mechanism of action of xanthotoxin in treating skin disorders?
What is the characteristic of the pericarp in a berry?
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Which fruit has a single seed and the pericarp and testa are fused together?
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What is the mechanism of star anise fruit related to its antispasmodic activity?
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What is the characteristic of a shizocarpic fruit?
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Which type of fruit is formed from the whole inflorescence and not from a single flower?
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Why should xanthotoxin not be used during pregnancy?
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What is the recommended use of xanthotoxin in conjunction with UVA radiation therapy?
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What is the main constituent of Fennel and Anise fruits responsible for their medicinal uses?
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Which type of fruit has a pericarp that is hard and dry and cannot be differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp?
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Which of the following is a medicinal use of star anise fruit?
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What is the internal use of xanthotoxin?
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Which of the following fruits is an example of a succulent fruit?
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Which type of fruit has a single seed and the pericarp is hard, woody or leathery?
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What is the name of the antiviral drug that is semi-synthesized from shikimic acid?
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What is the origin of Ammi visnaga?
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What is the contraindication for using xanthotoxin in children?
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What is the use of Fennel and Anise fruits as carminative in dyspepsia and flatulence?
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What is the major constituent of milk thistle?
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What is the term for the promotion of milk production in lactating women?
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What is the mechanism of action of xanthotoxin in relieving pain?
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What is the precaution for using star anise fruit in pregnancy?
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What is the mechanism of Silymarine's antioxidant activity?
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What is the main medicinal use of Hops strobile?
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What is the effect of Proanthocyanidins and flavonoids on the heart?
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What is the mechanism of Hops strobile's sedative effect?
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What is a potential adverse reaction of Silymarine?
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What is the economic value of Hops strobile?
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Study Notes
Silymarine
- Silymarine is a choleretic and hepatoprotective agent that scavenges free radicals and exhibits antioxidant activity.
- It increases the production of natural antioxidant compounds, such as glutathione.
- Medically, it is used as a supportive treatment for chronic congestive heart failure, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis.
- It is also used to treat anxiety and insomnia.
Proanthocyanidins and Flavonoids
- Proanthocyanidins and flavonoids have a vasodilating effect, increasing coronary blood flow and exhibiting a positive inotropic effect.
- They also have antiarrhythmic properties.
- Adverse reactions may include an allergic response to plants of the Asteraceae family.
- Drug interactions may occur due to improved liver function, affecting the metabolism of certain medications.
Hops Strobile
- Hops strobile is the dried strobiles or inflorescences of the female plants of Humulus lupulus, belonging to the Cannabaceae family.
- The major constituents of hops strobile include bitter principles, bitter acids, condensed tannins, essential oil, and flavonoids.
- Medically, it is used as a sedative for treating restlessness and anxiety, as well as for insomnia and sleep disorders.
- It is also used to treat dyspepsia and lack of appetite, and is utilized in the manufacture of beer.
Mechanism of Hops Strobile
- The mechanism of action of hops strobile involves CNS depressant activity due to the bitter resins, which increase the activity of the GABA neurotransmitter, resulting in a calming effect.
Classification of Fruits
- Fruits can be classified into different types, including:
- Logume: Monocarpellary ovary that splits along both dorsal and ventral sutures.
- Dehiscent: The pericarp becomes dry and remains attached to the plant, splitting when ripe to release the enclosed seeds.
- Follicle: Monocarpellary ovary that splits by the inner suture only.
- Capsule: Multicarpellary (syncarpous) ovary that opens either by pores, valves, or lids.
- Achene: Monocarpellary ovary with a single seed, where the pericarp is free from the testa.
- Dry: Pericarp is hard and dry, and cannot be differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
- Indehiscent: The pericarp does not split even after ripening.
- Grain (Caryopsis): Monocarpellary ovary with a single seed, where the pericarp and testa are fused together.
- Nuts: Bi- or multicarpellary ovary with a single seed, where the pericarp is hard, woody, or leathery.
- Cypsela: Bicarpellary ovary with a single seed, where the pericarp and seed coat are free.
- Shizocarpic: Fruits develop from a bi-locular ovary, splitting into one-seeded, indehiscent parts called mericarps.
- Cremocarp: Fruit formed from a bicarpellary, bilocular inferior ovary, splitting into two one-seeded indehiscent mericarps attached with a carpophore.
- Drube: Pericarp is leathery, mesocarp is fleshy, and endocarp is hard and woody.
- Succulent: Pericarp or most of it is fleshy.
- Berry: Pericarp is fleshy, endocarp is neither hard nor lignified, and usually multi-seeded with embedded in the fleshy part.
- Aggregate: Developed from multicarpellary apocarpous (free carpels) ovary of a single flower (one receptacle).
- False: Formed when other parts of the flower take part in its formation.
- Composite (Multiple): Formed from the whole inflorescence (more than one flower) and not from a single flower.
Fennel and Anise
- Fennel is the dried ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare, belonging to the Apiaceae family.
- Anise is the dried fruits of Pimpinella anisum, also belonging to the Apiaceae family.
- The major constituents of fennel and anise include essential oils, flavonoids, proteins, and fixed oils.
- Medically, they are used as carminatives in dyspepsia and flatulence, as lactagogues, and as antispasmodics in mild inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.
- They are also used as expectorants in mild inflammation of the respiratory tract and as emmenagogues in dysmenorrhea.
Other Medicinal Plants
- Ammi visnaga is used externally in the treatment of skin disorders, such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and alopecia, and is administered in conjunction with long-wave UV radiation therapy.
- Xanthotoxin acts as a photosensitizing agent, stimulating melanogenesis and inducing repigmentation of the skin.
- It also reduces inflammation and cutaneous hyperproliferation in combination with long-wave UV radiation.
- Ammi majus is used internally as a condiment and to relieve dyspepsia, and is used externally to relieve rheumatic pain and arthritis.
- Capsicum is used to treat dyspepsia related to the biliary system, gall bladder disorders, and to support the improvement of liver function.
- Milk thistle is used to support liver function, particularly in acute, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis.
- Hawthorn berries are used to treat cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and congestive heart failure.
- Star anise fruit is used as a bronchial expectorant, antispasmodic, and to prevent cold and flu infections.
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Description
This quiz covers the classification of fruits including Logume, Monocarpellary ovary, Dehiscent, Follicle, Capsule, and Achene. Learn about the characteristics of each type and how they split to release seeds.
