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Questions and Answers
Which position describes the body lying on the back?
Which position describes the body lying on the back?
- Anatomical position
- Supine position (correct)
- Lateral position
- Prone position
What defines the sagittal plane?
What defines the sagittal plane?
- Divides the body into upper and lower parts
- Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
- Divides the body into symmetrical right and left halves (correct)
- Divides the body into medial and lateral parts
In anatomical terms, what does 'proximal' signify?
In anatomical terms, what does 'proximal' signify?
- Near to the head
- Near to the back of the body
- Near to the front of the body
- Near to a point of reference on a limb (correct)
Which term describes an area located closer to the median plane of the body?
Which term describes an area located closer to the median plane of the body?
What is the primary focus of the science of anatomy?
What is the primary focus of the science of anatomy?
Which anatomical term is used to describe the position of a structure that is located toward the feet?
Which anatomical term is used to describe the position of a structure that is located toward the feet?
What is the anatomical term for the vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
What is the anatomical term for the vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
In the anatomical position, how are the palms facing?
In the anatomical position, how are the palms facing?
What is the term used to describe the position of being near the surface of the body?
What is the term used to describe the position of being near the surface of the body?
Which of the following correctly describes the term 'proximal'?
Which of the following correctly describes the term 'proximal'?
Which of the following options describes the classification of bones based on their shape?
Which of the following options describes the classification of bones based on their shape?
What type of bone is formed from the cortical covering of all bones?
What type of bone is formed from the cortical covering of all bones?
How are long bones categorized within the morphological classification?
How are long bones categorized within the morphological classification?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
What is the primary focus of osteology?
What is the primary focus of osteology?
Which classification of bones refers to those formed during limb development?
Which classification of bones refers to those formed during limb development?
What is the main function of a sesamoid bone, such as the patella?
What is the main function of a sesamoid bone, such as the patella?
Which part of a long bone is responsible for the growth in length?
Which part of a long bone is responsible for the growth in length?
What distinguishes the diaphysis of a long bone?
What distinguishes the diaphysis of a long bone?
Which component covers the outer surface of the long bone?
Which component covers the outer surface of the long bone?
What happens to the epiphyseal plate after the long bone has completed its growth?
What happens to the epiphyseal plate after the long bone has completed its growth?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of bone morphology?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of bone morphology?
Which part of the long bone provides the area where bone marrow is stored?
Which part of the long bone provides the area where bone marrow is stored?
What is the role of the nutrient canal in the long bone's diaphysis?
What is the role of the nutrient canal in the long bone's diaphysis?
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Study Notes
Classification of Bones
- Morphological Classification:
- Sesamoid Bone: Found embedded within tendons; protect tendons and ligaments from compression and friction; e.g., patella.
- Long Bone: Composed of a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses).
- Diaphysis: Central region of the shaft, composed of thick compact bone.
- Epiphysis: Expanded ends, covered with articular cartilage for smooth joint function.
- Metaphysis: Region between diaphysis and epiphysis, contains the epiphyseal plate/line.
- Periosteum: Membrane covering the outer surface of the bone, involved in growth & repair.
- Medullary Cavity: Hollow space within the diaphysis filled with bone marrow.
- Growth in Length: Occurs at the epiphyseal plate during childhood and adolescence; after growth is complete, the plate is replaced by the line.
Regional Classification
- Axial Skeleton: Bones along the central axis of the body, including the skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae.
- Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of the limbs, including the upper and lower limbs.
Developmental Classification
- Membranous Bones: Form directly from mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue), e.g., skull bones (vault).
- Cartilaginous Bones: Develop from cartilage models, e.g., limb bones.
- Membrano-Cartilaginous Bones: Form through a combination of membranous and cartilaginous processes, e.g., mandible, clavicle.
Structural Classification
- Hard Bone (Compact): Dense, strong, forms the outer layers of all bones, providing strength and support.
- Spongy Bone (Cancellous): Porous, lighter, found in the ends of long bones, providing a framework for red bone marrow production.
Other Key Concepts
- Osteology: The study of bones.
- Functions of Bones: Provide shape and support, protect vital organs, facilitate muscle attachment and movement, store calcium and phosphorus, produce red blood cells.
- Anatomical Terms: Essential for understanding spatial relationships in the body:
- Positions: Anatomical, supine, prone.
- Planes: Sagittal (median), coronal (frontal), transverse (horizontal).
- Relations: Anterior/Posterior, Superior/Inferior, Medial/Lateral/Intermediate, Proximal/Distal, Superficial/Deep, External/Internal.
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