Classification and Diversity of Living Things
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Questions and Answers

What are the seven classifications of living organisms according to Linnaeus?

  • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (correct)
  • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Race
  • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus

Which of the following are characteristics of the animal kingdom?

  • Multicellular, autotrophs, asexual reproduction
  • Unicellular, heterotrophs, sexual reproduction
  • Multicellular, heterotrophs, sexual reproduction (correct)
  • Filamentous, heterotrophs, sexual and asexual reproduction

Which of the following are characteristics of the plant kingdom?

  • Multicellular, heterotrophs, sexual reproduction
  • Filamentous, heterotrophs, sexual and asexual reproduction
  • Multicellular, autotrophs, asexual reproduction (correct)
  • Unicellular, heterotrophs, sexual reproduction

Which of the following are characteristics of the Eubacteria kingdom?

<p>Unicellular, autotrophs/heterotrophs, positive and negative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are characteristics of the Protista kingdom?

<p>Multicellular, heterotrophs, sexual and asexual reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered main phyla?

<p>Arthropods, Insects, Roundworms, Pinworms, Segmented worms, Earthworms, Mollusks, Snails, Rotifers, Rotifers, Flatworms, Tapeworms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the scientific name of an organism written?

<p>Genus name followed by species name (second name is uncapitalized)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are viruses considered?

<p>They are not considered alive because they have no cells, cannot reproduce without a host, cannot make their own energy, and cannot grow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three common virus diseases.

<p>COVID-19, Hep-B, Hep-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of the lytic cycle?

<p>The host cell is destroyed and many new viruses are produced. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotes have a true nucleus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is antibiotic resistance?

<p>The ability of bacteria to survive and grow in the presence of antibiotics that would normally kill them or inhibit their growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Clostridium difficile and what are some factors that can increase risk?

<p>A type of bacteria that can cause severe diarrhea and inflammation of the colon known as colitis. Certain antibiotics can cause a habitat for it to thrive. Individuals 65 and above are at higher risk. Poor hygiene practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some prevention methods for Clostridium difficile?

<p>Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, and surgery to remove part of the colon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are plant-like protists important to all life on Earth?

<p>They are main producers of oxygen, base of the food chain, provide energy and nutrients for many organisms, absorb a lot of carbon, food source, creates environment for diverse species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the life cycle of a typical fungus

<p>They have haploid, diploid, and dikaryotic stages in their cycle. Fruiting bodies produce spores. These spores germinate and form hyphae, which undergo sexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do fungi play in ecosystems?

<p>They are main decomposers, supply many plants with nutrients, carbon cycling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two common traits that all arthropods share?

<p>Exoskeleton made of chitin, Segmented body with jointed appendages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the digestive systems of sponges and earthworms?

<p>Sponges have an intracellular system with filter feeding via water currents. Worm's have a complete system with ingestion through a mouth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of fish does the great white shark belong to?

<p>Chondrichthyes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three characteristics of mammals?

<p>Endothermic, have fur/hair, feed young through mammary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of symmetry does a starfish have?

<p>Radial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bilateral symmetry?

<p>One line of symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the evolution of the amnion an important adaptation for egg-layers?

<p>It protects the egg from drying out, provides physical protection from damage, and supports development of larger embryos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Linnaeus's Ranks

The hierarchical system of classifying organisms from broadest to most specific, including Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Species

A group of organisms with similar characteristics that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Genus

A group of closely related species.

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms.

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Phylogeny

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms.

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Clade

A group of organisms that share a common ancestor.

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Phylogenetic Tree

A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

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Evolution

The process of change over time in the characteristics of organisms.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully.

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Fitness

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

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Homologous Structures

Structures that have different functions but share a common evolutionary origin.

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Analogous Structures

Structures that have similar functions but evolved independently of each other.

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Biogeography

The study of the distribution of organisms in their environment.

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Biodiversity

The total number of species in a given area.

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Adaptation

The process by which organisms become adapted to their environment.

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Divergence

The process by which organisms evolve to become more different from each other.

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Convergence

The process by which organisms evolve to become more similar to each other.

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Complexity

The process by which organisms evolve to become more complex.

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Specialization

The process by which organisms evolve to become more specialized.

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Monophyletic Group

A group of organisms that are all descended from a single common ancestor.

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Phylogenetic Classification

A system of classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships.

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Phenetic Classification

A system of classifying organisms based on their shared characteristics.

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Ecology

The study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.

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Niche

The role that an organism plays in its environment.

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Population

A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area and interact with each other.

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Community

All the populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with each other.

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Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their physical environment.

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Biome

A large-scale ecosystem, such as a desert, rainforest, or ocean.

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Biomass

The total amount of living matter in a given area.

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Energy Flow

The flow of energy through an ecosystem.

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Biogeochemical Cycles

Substances that are cycled through ecosystems, such as carbon, nitrogen, and water.

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Environmental Science

The study of the relationship between living things and their environment.

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Study Notes

Classification and Diversity of Living Things

  • Linnaean Classification: A hierarchical system (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) that arranges organisms from general to specific.

  • Kingdoms:

  • Animalia: Multicellular, heterotrophic, sexual reproduction.

  • Plantae: Multicellular, autotrophic, often asexual.

  • Fungi: Filamentous, heterotrophic, both sexual and asexual.

  • Eubacteria: Unicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, reproduce through binary fission.

  • Archaea: Unicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, asexual reproduction.

  • Protista: Multicellular or unicellular, heterotrophic or autotrophic, sexual or asexual.

Major Phyla Examples

  • Arthropoda (e.g., insects), Nematoda (roundworms), Annelida (segmented worms), Mollusca (snails), Rotifera (rotifers), Platyhelminthes (flatworms).

Scientific Names

  • Organisms are given two-part names: Genus species (e.g., Canis familiaris).

Viruses

  • Viruses are not considered living organisms; they are infectious agents consisting of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat.
  • Viruses need a host cell to reproduce and cannot produce energy on their own.
  • Viruses cause various diseases (e.g., COVID-19, influenza). Precautions can reduce transmission.

Viral Replication: Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles

  • Lytic Cycle: The virus rapidly replicates, destroys the host cell, and releases new viruses to infect other cells.
  • Lysogenic Cycle: The viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA and replicates along with it. The virus remains dormant for some time before activating and entering the lytic cycle.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

  • Prokaryotes: Lack a true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and have a single circular chromosome in the nucleoid.
  • Eukaryotes: Possess a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, have multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus.

Antibiotic Resistance

  • Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics, making them harder to treat.

Clostridium difficile

  • A bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and inflammation of the colon (colitis).
  • Risk factors include certain antibiotics and age.
  • Treatment options include FMT, probiotics, and in severe cases, surgery.

Protists and Their Importance

  • Protists (plant-like protists):
  • Essential producers of oxygen in many ecosystems.
  • Serve as a base of the food web.
  • Important for carbon cycling (absorbing CO2).

Fungi

  • Fungi play a vital role in decomposition, nutrient cycling, and supporting plant growth.
  • They are crucial decomposers.
  • Their life cycle may involve diploid, haploid, and dikaryotic stages, typically progressing from spore germination to fruiting body formation.

Characteristics of Plants and Arthropods

  • Arthropods: All arthropods share an exoskeleton made of chitin and segmented bodies with jointed appendages.
  • Plants: Characteristics vary widely among plant groups.

Animal Body Systems (Sponge and Earthworm)

  • Sponge: Intracellular digestion and filter feeding; waste removal by diffusion.
  • Earthworm: Complete digestive system; ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion through the mouth and anus.

Fish Classifications

  • Agnatha: Jawless fish (e.g., lampreys)
  • Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fish (e.g., sharks).
  • Osteichthyes: Bony fish (e.g., goldfish).

Mammals

  • Mammals are endothermic (warm-blooded), have hair or fur, and nourish their young with milk from mammary glands.

Symmetry

  • Radial Symmetry: Body parts arranged around a central axis (starfish).
  • Bilateral Symmetry: Body parts arranged on opposite sides of a central axis (humans, crabs).

Amnion Adaptation

  • The amnion is an important adaptation for egg-laying animals as it provides protection, prevents desiccation, and allows larger embryonic development.

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Description

Explore the intricate world of biological classification through this quiz. Learn about the Linnaean system and the major kingdoms and phyla that define life on Earth. Test your knowledge on scientific naming conventions and the diverse characteristics of living organisms.

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