Classical Mechanics Fundamentals

Definition: Branch of physics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that affect that motion.
Key Principles:
- Newton's Laws of Motion:
  1. First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
  2. Second Law (F = ma): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
  3. Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics:
- Describes motion without considering forces.
- Key equations relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
- Common forms:
  - ( v = u + at )
  - ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 )
  - ( v^2 = u^2 + 2as )
Dynamics:
- Focuses on the forces causing motion.
- Includes concepts of mass, weight, and friction.
Work and Energy:
- Work (W): Done when a force causes displacement; calculated as ( W = F \cdot d \cdot \cos(\theta) ).
- Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion; ( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 ).
- Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy due to position; commonly gravitational ( PE = mgh ).
- Conservation of Energy: Total energy in a closed system remains constant.
Momentum:
- Definition: Product of an object's mass and velocity; ( p = mv ).
- Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, total momentum before an event equals total momentum after.

Definition: A push or pull acting upon an object, capable of causing it to accelerate.
Types of Forces:
- Contact Forces: Require physical contact (e.g., friction, tension).
- Non-contact Forces: Act at a distance (e.g., gravitational, electromagnetic).
Net Force:
- Sum of all forces acting on an object. Determines the object's acceleration according to Newton's Second Law.
Friction:
- Static Friction: Prevents motion until a certain threshold is exceeded.
- Kinetic Friction: Opposes motion when two surfaces are sliding past each other.
Gravity:
- Attractive force between two masses, calculated using ( F = \frac{G \cdot m_1 \cdot m_2}{r^2} ) where ( G ) is the gravitational constant.
Normal Force:
- A support force exerted by a surface perpendicular to the object resting on it.
Tension:
- Force transmitted through a string, rope, or cable when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends.
Applications:
- Forces are integral to analyzing motion in various contexts, such as vehicles, structures, and planetary movements.

Branch of physics focusing on the motion of objects and the forces impacting that motion.
Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law (Inertia): Objects maintain their state of rest or uniform motion unless acted on by a net external force.
- Second Law: Acceleration (a) is proportional to the net force (F) and inversely proportional to mass (m), expressed as ( F = ma ).
- Third Law (Action-Reaction): Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics:
- Studies motion without regard to forces. Key equations include:
  - ( v = u + at ) (final velocity)
  - ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 ) (displacement)
  - ( v^2 = u^2 + 2as ) (velocity relation)
Dynamics:
- Examines forces resulting in motion, including mass, weight, and friction.

Work (W): Done by a force causing displacement, calculated as ( W = F \cdot d \cdot \cos(\theta) ).
Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of an object in motion, given by ( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 ).
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy based on an object's position, commonly gravitational, expressed as ( PE = mgh ).
Conservation of Energy: Total energy in a closed system remains constant over time.

Momentum (p): Defined as the product of mass (m) and velocity (v), represented as ( p = mv ).
Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, total momentum is conserved before and after an event.

Definition: A push or pull on an object that can cause it to accelerate.
Types of Forces:
- Contact Forces: Require physical touch (e.g., friction, tension).
- Non-contact Forces: Act at a distance (e.g., gravitational, electromagnetic).
Net Force: The cumulative effect of all forces acting on an object, determining its acceleration per Newton's Second Law.
Friction:
- Static Friction: Prevents motion until a specific threshold is exceeded.
- Kinetic Friction: Opposes motion between sliding surfaces.

Attractive force between masses, calculated by ( F = \frac{G \cdot m_1 \cdot m_2}{r^2} ), where ( G ) is the gravitational constant.

Normal Force: Support force exerted by a surface, acting perpendicular to the object resting on it.
Tension: Force transmitted through a string, rope, or cable when pulled tight by opposing forces.
Applications: Understanding forces is vital for analyzing motion in vehicles, structures, and celestial bodies.