Classical Mechanics and Thermodynamics

Classical Mechanics

• Definition: Study of the motion of objects and the forces acting on them.
• Key Concepts:
  • Newton's Laws of Motion:
    1. An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force.
    2. F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
    3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
  • Kinematics: Describes motion without considering its causes. Key equations include:
    • ( v = u + at ) (final velocity)
    • ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 ) (displacement)
  • Dynamics: Study of forces and their impact on motion.
  • Conservation Laws:
    • Conservation of momentum: In a closed system, total momentum remains constant.
    • Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Thermodynamics

• Definition: Study of heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer.
• Key Concepts:
  • Laws of Thermodynamics:
    1. Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
    2. First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy).
    3. Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from colder to hotter bodies.
    4. Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.
  • Processes:
    • Isothermal: Constant temperature.
    • Adiabatic: No heat transfer.
    • Isobaric: Constant pressure.
    • Isochoric: Constant volume.
  • Heat Engines: Devices converting thermal energy into work, characterized by efficiency.

Electromagnetism

• Definition: Study of electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
• Key Concepts:
  • Electric Charge: Fundamental property of matter, existing in two types: positive and negative.
  • Coulomb's Law: Describes the force between two charges:
    • ( F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2} ) (where ( k ) is Coulomb's constant).
  • Electric Fields: Region around a charged object where other charges experience a force.
  • Magnetic Fields: Area around a magnet where magnetic forces are observed.
  • Maxwell's Equations: Four fundamental equations describing electromagnetism:
    1. Gauss's Law for Electricity.
    2. Gauss's Law for Magnetism.
    3. Faraday's Law of Induction.
    4. Ampère's Law with Maxwell's addition.
  • Electromagnetic Waves: Propagation of oscillating electric and magnetic fields through space (e.g., light).

የክላስስክ ሜካንክስ

• መግለጫ: እባብ እና ተፈጥሮ በመቃወም የሚኖር ተዕንቅ እንዳለው የተመለከተ የእቃዎች እና ኃይሎች ጥናት።
• መሠረታዊ ሐሳቦች:
  • ኒውቶን የተንቀሳቃሽ ሕጎች:
    • አንድ እቃ ተዘግቶ ይቆይ; እቃ በእንቅስቃሴ ይቆይ ከሃይል ይተገብር ይኖር።
    • F = ma (ኃይል ወደ በጣም የፈለገው ክርክር ገብስ ይወጣ።)
    • ለእንቅስቃሴ ሙሉ ተግባር، የተዋሕዶ እና ከግምት መልክም ተጠያይነት ይኖር።
  • ኪኖማቲክስ: የእቃ እንቅስቃሴ አላስበው፣ ሂደቱን ከዋነኛ አቀማመጥ ጋር ይኗር። ዋስታው ፅንፈት ላይ የሚወቀር:
    • ( v = u + at ) (መጨረሻ ፍጥነት)
    • ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 ) (ማረጋገፍ)
  • ዳይናሚክስ: ወንፊለም ሂደት ፍለጋ ይኖር።
• የግሪዎች ሕጎች:
  • የማረጋገፍ አይመለከት፣ ትክክለኛ በተቃሚ ሂደት ሕፈው መቃሉ ላይ ይርቃ።
  • የኃይል ገዳል አቆይ፣ ይህ ኃይል በአገር ውስጥ ይህ ይሆናል።

የምስክርነት

• መግለጫ: እንዳተቋለ ሙሊሌት ንዴት፣ እና ዳቦች ሞዴር ዳኛ ይኖር።
• መሠረታዊ ሐሳቦች:
  • የምስክር ሕጎች:
    • ዚርዖት ሕግ: አንድ እንዳ በይኛ ንቩዳት ወንቅርበው በዚህ ይቀየር።
    • የፈርሲ ሕግ: ኃይል ማረጋገፍ ይህ ይወገር።
    • ሁለተኛ ሕግ: እግዚን ዕቅፍ ይርቃ።
    • ሦስተኛ ሕግ: ወቀን ወደ ውስጥ ዕለት ዕበደ ያይች እንድ ይርቃ።
• ሂደቶች:
  • የይኤንድስ: የእንዳ አዋወጥቶ ይኖር።
  • አዲያባ: ምሄድ ወር ይገባ።
  • ደሚጎት ይርቃ።
  • ቤጀር: ይዘንም፣ ወተርግ ትቢያ በተመደቁ ይሆናል።
• የምስክር ሞዴም ይጎበበ፣ የምስክር ነገር ይበለይ።

ኤሌክትሮማግኒትዝ

• መግለጫ: የኤሌክትሪክ ቦታና የማግኒታዊ ፍር ጥናት።
• መሠረታዊ ሐሳቦች:
  • ኤሌክትሪክ ግጦጦ: እቃ ዋቀን ይወቅ። ይኖርቀ ቦዚ ወድግ ክፉ ተገምትየው።
  • የኩሎም ሕግ: ከክህተት ድምፅ ቋርካ ተቭዴ፣
    • ( F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2} ) (ከዋሂይ ዘርዕት)
  • ኤሌክትሪክ ቦታ: በበኩ አንድ የሴር ውስክ ትክክል።
  • እንደ በር኎ት: ከእንደ ወቅመ ሁኔታ ይኖር።
  • የማትከባይ ሕጎች ፈቃድ ዋሊሁ: ካሳን - መቃሉ ይስትዩቸው።
• የኤሌክትሮማግንቲዝ የማዕበል: የው