Classical Mechanics and Thermodynamics

Definition: Study of the motion of objects and the forces acting on them.
Key Concepts:
- Newton's Laws of Motion:
  1. An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force.
  2. F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
  3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Kinematics: Describes motion without considering its causes. Key equations include:
  - ( v = u + at ) (final velocity)
  - ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 ) (displacement)
- Dynamics: Study of forces and their impact on motion.
- Conservation Laws:
  - Conservation of momentum: In a closed system, total momentum remains constant.
  - Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Definition: Study of heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer.
Key Concepts:
- Laws of Thermodynamics:
  1. Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
  2. First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy).
  3. Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from colder to hotter bodies.
  4. Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.
- Processes:
  - Isothermal: Constant temperature.
  - Adiabatic: No heat transfer.
  - Isobaric: Constant pressure.
  - Isochoric: Constant volume.
- Heat Engines: Devices converting thermal energy into work, characterized by efficiency.

Definition: Study of electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
Key Concepts:
- Electric Charge: Fundamental property of matter, existing in two types: positive and negative.
- Coulomb's Law: Describes the force between two charges:
  - ( F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2} ) (where ( k ) is Coulomb's constant).
- Electric Fields: Region around a charged object where other charges experience a force.
- Magnetic Fields: Area around a magnet where magnetic forces are observed.
- Maxwell's Equations: Four fundamental equations describing electromagnetism:
  1. Gauss's Law for Electricity.
  2. Gauss's Law for Magnetism.
  3. Faraday's Law of Induction.
  4. Ampère's Law with Maxwell's addition.
- Electromagnetic Waves: Propagation of oscillating electric and magnetic fields through space (e.g., light).

መግለጫ: እባብ እና ተፈጥሮ በመቃወም የሚኖር ተዕንቅ እንዳለው የተመለከተ የእቃዎች እና ኃይሎች ጥናት።
መሠረታዊ ሐሳቦች:
- ኒውቶን የተንቀሳቃሽ ሕጎች:
  - አንድ እቃ ተዘግቶ ይቆይ; እቃ በእንቅስቃሴ ይቆይ ከሃይል ይተገብር ይኖር።
  - F = ma (ኃይል ወደ በጣም የፈለገው ክርክር ገብስ ይወጣ።)
  - ለእንቅስቃሴ ሙሉ ተግባር، የተዋሕዶ እና ከግምት መልክም ተጠያይነት ይኖር።
- ኪኖማቲክስ: የእቃ እንቅስቃሴ አላስበው፣ ሂደቱን ከዋነኛ አቀማመጥ ጋር ይኗር። ዋስታው ፅንፈት ላይ የሚወቀር:
  - ( v = u + at ) (መጨረሻ ፍጥነት)
  - ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 ) (ማረጋገፍ)
- ዳይናሚክስ: ወንፊለም ሂደት ፍለጋ ይኖር።
የግሪዎች ሕጎች:
- የማረጋገፍ አይመለከት፣ ትክክለኛ በተቃሚ ሂደት ሕፈው መቃሉ ላይ ይርቃ።
- የኃይል ገዳል አቆይ፣ ይህ ኃይል በአገር ውስጥ ይህ ይሆናል።

መግለጫ: እንዳተቋለ ሙሊሌት ንዴት፣ እና ዳቦች ሞዴር ዳኛ ይኖር።
መሠረታዊ ሐሳቦች:
- የምስክር ሕጎች:
  - ዚርዖት ሕግ: አንድ እንዳ በይኛ ንቩዳት ወንቅርበው በዚህ ይቀየር።
  - የፈርሲ ሕግ: ኃይል ማረጋገፍ ይህ ይወገር።
  - ሁለተኛ ሕግ: እግዚን ዕቅፍ ይርቃ።
  - ሦስተኛ ሕግ: ወቀን ወደ ውስጥ ዕለት ዕበደ ያይች እንድ ይርቃ።
ሂደቶች:
- የይኤንድስ: የእንዳ አዋወጥቶ ይኖር።
- አዲያባ: ምሄድ ወር ይገባ።
- ደሚጎት ይርቃ።
- ቤጀር: ይዘንም፣ ወተርግ ትቢያ በተመደቁ ይሆናል።
የምስክር ሞዴም ይጎበበ፣ የምስክር ነገር ይበለይ።

መግለጫ: የኤሌክትሪክ ቦታና የማግኒታዊ ፍር ጥናት።
መሠረታዊ ሐሳቦች:
- ኤሌክትሪክ ግጦጦ: እቃ ዋቀን ይወቅ። ይኖርቀ ቦዚ ወድግ ክፉ ተገምትየው።
- የኩሎም ሕግ: ከክህተት ድምፅ ቋርካ ተቭዴ፣
  - ( F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2} ) (ከዋሂይ ዘርዕት)
- ኤሌክትሪክ ቦታ: በበኩ አንድ የሴር ውስክ ትክክል።
- እንደ በር኎ት: ከእንደ ወቅመ ሁኔታ ይኖር።
- የማትከባይ ሕጎች ፈቃድ ዋሊሁ: ካሳን - መቃሉ ይስትዩቸው።
የኤሌክትሮማግንቲዝ የማዕበል: የው