Classical Mechanics and Thermodynamics Quiz

Definition: Study of the motion of bodies under the influence of forces.
Key Concepts:
- Newton's Laws of Motion:
  1. An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon.
  2. Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
  3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Kinematics: Describes motion using concepts like displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
- Dynamics: Examines forces and their effect on motion.
- Energy:
  - Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion, KE = 1/2 mv².
  - Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy, often gravitational, PE = mgh.
- Conservation Laws:
  - Conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.

Definition: Study of heat, energy, and work and their interrelations.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (ΔU = Q - W).
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system never decreases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.
Key Concepts:
- Heat Transfer: Conduction, convection, and radiation.
- Thermodynamic Processes: Isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric processes.
- Engines and Refrigerators: Efficiency defined as the ratio of work output to heat input.

Definition: Study of electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
Key Concepts:
- Coulomb's Law: Describes the force between two charges, F = k * (|q₁*q₂|/r²).
- Electric Field (E): A field around charged particles that exerts force on other charges.
- Magnetic Field (B): A field around magnets and moving charges that exerts force on other moving charges.
- Faraday's Law of Induction: A changing magnetic field within a closed loop induces an electromotive force (EMF).
- Maxwell's Equations: Four fundamental equations that describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate and interact.
Applications:
- Electric circuits, electromagnetic waves, and technologies like motors, generators, and transformers.

Study of motion in relation to forces acting on bodies.
Newton's Laws of Motion:
- Objects at rest remain at rest; objects in motion continue in motion unless disrupted.
- Force is calculated as mass multiplied by acceleration (F = ma).
- Every action triggers an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics: Focuses on motion, utilizing terms such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Dynamics: Analyzes forces and their impact on moving bodies.
Energy Types:
- Kinetic Energy (KE): Defined as KE = 1/2 mv², representing the energy due to motion.
- Potential Energy (PE): Represented as PE = mgh, indicating stored energy, often in gravitational contexts.
Conservation Laws: Principles stating that momentum and energy remain constant in isolated systems.

Examination of heat, energy, and work, and how they interact.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: Establishes that if two systems are equilibrated with a third, they are interchangeable in terms of temperature.
- First Law: Energy conservation principle stating ΔU = Q - W, where U is internal energy, Q is heat added, and W is work done.
- Second Law: Indicates that entropy within an isolated system will not decrease; heat transfer occurs spontaneously from hot to cold.
- Third Law: As absolute zero is approached, the entropy of a perfect crystal converges to zero.
Key Concepts:
- Heat Transfer Methods: Includes conduction, convection, and radiation.
- Thermodynamic Processes: Categories include isothermal (constant temperature), adiabatic (no heat transfer), isobaric (constant pressure), and isochoric (constant volume).
- Engines and Refrigerators: Efficiency determined as the ratio of useful work output to heat energy input.

Focuses on the principles governing electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
Coulomb's Law: Defines the electrostatic force between two charges through the equation F = k * (|q₁*q₂|/r²).
Electric Field (E): Generated around charged particles, influencing other charges within that field.
Magnetic Field (B): Created by magnets and moving charges, affecting other moving charges nearby.
Faraday's Law of Induction: States that a varying magnetic field in a closed loop will generate an electromotive force (EMF).
Maxwell's Equations: A set of four foundational equations that describe the behavior and interaction of electric and magnetic fields.
Applications: Include electric circuits, electromagnetic wave technology, and devices such as motors, generators, and transformers.