Classical Mechanics and Thermodynamics Quiz

Definition: Study of motion and forces acting on bodies.
Key Concepts:
- Newton's Laws of Motion:
  1. An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force.
  2. F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
  3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Kinematics: Describes motion using concepts like displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
- Dynamics: Analyzes the forces causing motion.
- Conservation Laws: Energy, momentum, and angular momentum are conserved in isolated systems.

Definition: Study of heat, energy, and work.
Key Concepts:
- Laws of Thermodynamics:
  1. Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
  2. First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (ΔU = Q - W).
  3. Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from colder to hotter bodies.
  4. Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.
- Heat Transfer: Conduction, convection, and radiation.
- Thermodynamic Processes: Isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric processes.

Definition: Study of electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
Key Concepts:
- Coulomb's Law: The force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
- Electric Field (E): A field around charged particles that exerts forces on other charged particles.
- Magnetic Field (B): A field produced by moving electric charges or magnetic dipoles.
- Maxwell's Equations: Four fundamental equations that describe how electric and magnetic fields interact.
- Electromagnetic Spectrum: Range of all types of electromagnetic radiation (radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays).

Definition: Study of light and its behavior.
Key Concepts:
- Reflection: Bouncing of light waves off surfaces (Law of Reflection).
- Refraction: Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another (Snell's Law).
- Lenses:
  - Convex (converging) lenses focus light.
  - Concave (diverging) lenses spread light.
- Wave-Particle Duality: Light exhibits properties of both waves and particles.
- Optical Instruments: Includes microscopes, telescopes, and cameras.

Definition: Study of the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic level.
Key Concepts:
- Wave Function: A mathematical description of the quantum state of a system.
- Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to know simultaneously both the position and momentum of a particle with precision.
- Quantum Superposition: A system can exist in multiple states at once until measured.
- Quantum Entanglement: Particles can become correlated in such a way that the state of one instantly influences the state of another, regardless of distance.
- Schrödinger Equation: A fundamental equation that describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time.

Examines the motion of objects and the forces affecting them.
Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law: Objects at rest remain at rest, and objects in motion stay in motion with constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force.
- Second Law: Force (F) is directly proportional to mass (m) and acceleration (a), expressed as F = ma.
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics: Describes motion using concepts like displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Dynamics: Focuses on the forces responsible for motion.
Conservation Laws: Energy, momentum, and angular momentum remain constant in isolated systems.

Investigates heat, energy, and their relationship with work.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system are also in equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. The change in internal energy (ΔU) equals the heat added (Q) minus the work done by the system (W), represented by ΔU = Q - W.
- Second Law: The entropy of an isolated system always increases over time. Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body.
- Third Law: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, its entropy approaches zero.
Heat Transfer: Processes of heat transfer include conduction (through direct contact), convection (through fluid movement), and radiation (through electromagnetic waves).
Thermodynamic Processes: Different types of thermodynamic processes exist, such as isothermal (constant temperature), adiabatic (no heat transfer), isobaric (constant pressure), and isochoric (constant volume).

Studies the interaction of electric and magnetic fields.
Coulomb's Law: The force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Electric Field (E): A field generated by charged particles that exerts forces on other charged particles.
Magnetic Field (B): A field produced by moving electric charges or magnetic dipoles.
Maxwell's Equations: Four fundamental equations that describe the interaction between electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Encompasses all types of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.

Focuses on the behavior of light.
Reflection: The rebounding of light waves off surfaces, following the Law of Reflection (angle of incidence equals angle of reflection).
Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, explained by Snell's Law.
Lenses:
- Convex (converging) lenses focus light rays.
- Concave (diverging) lenses disperse light rays.
Wave-Particle Duality: Light exhibits properties of both waves and particles.
Optical Instruments: Tools that manipulate light, such as microscopes, telescopes, and cameras.

Investigates the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels.
Wave Function: A mathematical representation of the quantum state of a system.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to know both the exact position and momentum of a particle simultaneously.
Quantum Superposition: A system can exist in multiple states simultaneously until measured.
Quantum Entanglement: Two or more particles can become correlated, where the state of one instantaneously influences the state of the other, regardless of distance.
Schrödinger Equation: A fundamental equation describing the evolution of the quantum state of a system over time.