20 Questions
Classical conditioning involves learning to associate a ________ stimulus with a ________ stimulus.
conditioned; unconditioned
Who discovered classical conditioning while studying dogs' digestive system?
Ivan Pavlov
What did Pavlov associate with food to cause dogs to salivate?
The sound of a bell
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
The response weakens when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The response can recur even after extinction
What is reconditioning in classical conditioning?
The response can be learned again after extinction
What is stimulus generalisation in classical conditioning?
The conditioned response is triggered by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
What is stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
The conditioned response only happens for the conditioned stimulus and not for similar ones
What does a conditioned stimulus signal in classical conditioning?
That a significant event is about to happen
What is the process called when a response can be learned again after extinction in classical conditioning?
Reconditioning
Which type of conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior?
Operant conditioning
What did Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect state?
Behaviors leading to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated
What is the process of rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior called?
Shaping
What are reinforcers?
Stimuli that increase the likelihood of a behavior
What is punishment used for?
To decrease the likelihood of a behavior
In which areas has operant conditioning been applied?
Behavior therapy and workplace performance management
What is another term for observational learning?
Social learning
How are classical and operant conditioning different?
Classical conditioning is passive, while operant conditioning is active
How do advertisers use conditioning principles?
By repeatedly pairing their product with a stimulus that elicits positive feelings
How do teachers use conditioning principles in the classroom?
By using positive reinforcement to increase student participation
Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Involves learning to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Discovered by Ivan Pavlov while studying dogs' digestive system.
- Pavlov associated the sound of a bell with food to cause dogs to salivate.
- Extinction: the process of eliminating a conditioned response by not presenting the unconditioned stimulus.
- Spontaneous recovery: the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.
- Reconditioning: the process of relearning a conditioned response after extinction.
Conditioning Concepts
- Stimulus generalisation: the tendency to respond to similar stimuli as the conditioned stimulus.
- Stimulus discrimination: the ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli.
- Conditioned stimulus: a stimulus that signals the onset of an unconditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
- Involves learning through the consequences of behavior.
- Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect states that behaviors that are followed by a satisfying consequence will be strengthened.
- Shaping: the process of rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior.
- Reinforcers: stimuli that increase the probability of a behavior.
- Punishment: used to decrease the frequency of a behavior.
- Applied in areas such as education, psychotherapy, and training.
Observational Learning
- Also known as social learning.
- Involves learning through observing others.
Conditioning Comparison
- Classical conditioning: involves associating stimuli with responses.
- Operant conditioning: involves learning through consequences of behavior.
Applications of Conditioning
- Advertisers use conditioning principles to associate products with positive emotions.
- Teachers use conditioning principles to encourage desired behaviors in the classroom.
Test your knowledge of classical conditioning with this quiz! Learn about the process of associating stimuli and the influential work of Ivan Pavlov in understanding this type of learning.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
