Questions and Answers
In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, what was the US?
the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.
What does the behavior of the first chimpanzee opening a box after observing a second chimp do best illustrate?
observational learning.
For Gavin, what was the lakeshore property in the context of classical conditioning?
CS
What is the term for the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time lapse?
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Monica's reactions to her therapist best illustrate what concept?
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In classical conditioning, what does generalization refer to?
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In Huxley's 'Brave New World', what is the loud noise that induces fear in infants considered?
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In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.
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What is called when an individual can distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal the unconditioned stimulus?
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What concept is illustrated when Little Albert responds with fear to the sight of a rabbit?
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John B. Watson considered himself to be a?
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After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.
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What is the sound of a train whistle to Jordan, who is frightened by it?
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Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
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What is called the acquisition of mental information through observing events, watching others, or learning through language?
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What would John B. Watson express the greatest disapproval of scientifically studying?
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Who conducted the first experimental studies of associative learning?
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In Pavlov's experiments, what type of response was triggered by the taste of food?
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What was the conditioned response observed in male Japanese quail in response to a red light?
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What is a child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle called?
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What concept is illustrated when dogs salivate to stimulation of the thigh and other body parts?
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What is best illustrated by Alex's reappearance of conditioned fear when riding a bike after a certain time?
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Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.
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What best illustrates associative learning in the example of a sea slug responding to water and electric shock?
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What is illustrated when toddlers taught to fear moving cars also fear moving trucks and motorcycles?
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What was the status of the buzzing sound for Sara prior to learning about its association with bee stings?
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In Pavlov's studies, what type of response was salivation to the sound of a tone?
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In classical conditioning, what does the conditioned stimulus signal?
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What is the term for a dog salivating to the sound of a tone associated with food?
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Why is Pavlov's research on classical conditioning considered significant?
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What would best illustrate generalization related to Andrew's discomfort and anxiety with urges to urinate?
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What does it illustrate when mice taste a sweet liquid before an immune response is triggered?
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What defines a stimulus in classical conditioning?
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What is the process of learning associations called?
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What phenomenon is illustrated by abused children showing greater brain-wave responses to angry faces?
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What stage is involved when researchers condition a flatworm's body response to light?
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What does it mean when Jimmy's fear of dogs fades after repeated safe exposure?
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What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggest about the conditioned response during extinction?
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What is most likely to trigger sexual arousal in a geometric figure when presented shortly before a US?
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What process best illustrates the acquisition of new habits?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning Concepts
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): In Pavlov's experiment, food was the US that naturally elicited salivation in dogs.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A lakeshore property can become a CS when associated with a pleasurable experience, causing salivation.
- Conditioned Response (CR): The involuntary salivation triggered by the CS (like a tone) after conditioning.
- Unconditioned Response (UR): Salivation triggered by food is an UR, occurring naturally without conditioning.
Learning Processes
- Observational Learning: Illustrated when a chimpanzee learns to open a box by observing another chimp do so.
- Spontaneous Recovery: The re-emergence of an extinguished CR after a break from conditioning is termed spontaneous recovery, as seen in situations like accidental fear revival.
- Generalization: When a response is evoked by stimuli resembling the CS, evident in situations like Little Albert’s fear extending from a white rat to a rabbit.
- Discrimination: The ability to differentiate between a CS and other non-signaling stimuli, preventing false responses.
Conditioning Mechanisms
- Acquisition: The phase where the CR is developed and strengthened through repeated CS-US pairings.
- Extinction: Occurs when a CS is presented without the US over time, leading to a reduction or disappearance of the CR.
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially evokes no response; becomes a CS through association with the US.
Key Figures in Conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov: Known for foundational studies in classical conditioning, demonstrating associative learning across species.
- John B. Watson: A prominent behaviorist focused on observable behaviors rather than mental processes, criticizing studies on self-concept and academic achievement.
Real-Life Applications of Conditioning
- Generalization in Fear Responses: Children may generalize fear from one stimulus (e.g., needles) to similar stimuli (e.g., shots).
- Associative Learning: Mice develop immune responses to sweet liquids conditioned with drugs that signal an impending immune response.
Additional Concepts
- Cognitive Learning: Involves acquiring information through observation and language rather than traditional conditioning alone.
- Conditioning Variations: Responses can vary based on earlier experiences, such as children showing stronger reactions to angry faces after a history of abuse.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of classical conditioning through these flashcards. Each card contains key terms and definitions relevant to the experiments conducted by Pavlov and others. Perfect for students wanting to enhance their understanding of psychology.
