Classical Conditioning Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, what was the US?

the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.

What does the behavior of the first chimpanzee opening a box after observing a second chimp do best illustrate?

observational learning.

For Gavin, what was the lakeshore property in the context of classical conditioning?

CS

What is the term for the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time lapse?

<p>spontaneous recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monica's reactions to her therapist best illustrate what concept?

<p>generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what does generalization refer to?

<p>the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Huxley's 'Brave New World', what is the loud noise that induces fear in infants considered?

<p>unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.

<p>CS; US</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is called when an individual can distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal the unconditioned stimulus?

<p>discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is illustrated when Little Albert responds with fear to the sight of a rabbit?

<p>generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

John B. Watson considered himself to be a?

<p>behaviorist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.

<p>unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sound of a train whistle to Jordan, who is frightened by it?

<p>stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

<p>sweating in hot weather.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is called the acquisition of mental information through observing events, watching others, or learning through language?

<p>cognitive learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would John B. Watson express the greatest disapproval of scientifically studying?

<p>academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the first experimental studies of associative learning?

<p>Ivan Pavlov.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiments, what type of response was triggered by the taste of food?

<p>unconditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the conditioned response observed in male Japanese quail in response to a red light?

<p>CR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle called?

<p>conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is illustrated when dogs salivate to stimulation of the thigh and other body parts?

<p>generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is best illustrated by Alex's reappearance of conditioned fear when riding a bike after a certain time?

<p>spontaneous recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

<p>CS; US</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best illustrates associative learning in the example of a sea slug responding to water and electric shock?

<p>associative learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is illustrated when toddlers taught to fear moving cars also fear moving trucks and motorcycles?

<p>generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the status of the buzzing sound for Sara prior to learning about its association with bee stings?

<p>neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's studies, what type of response was salivation to the sound of a tone?

<p>conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what does the conditioned stimulus signal?

<p>the impending occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a dog salivating to the sound of a tone associated with food?

<p>conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Pavlov's research on classical conditioning considered significant?

<p>so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would best illustrate generalization related to Andrew's discomfort and anxiety with urges to urinate?

<p>generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it illustrate when mice taste a sweet liquid before an immune response is triggered?

<p>classical conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a stimulus in classical conditioning?

<p>any event or situation that evokes a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of learning associations called?

<p>conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is illustrated by abused children showing greater brain-wave responses to angry faces?

<p>generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage is involved when researchers condition a flatworm's body response to light?

<p>acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when Jimmy's fear of dogs fades after repeated safe exposure?

<p>extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggest about the conditioned response during extinction?

<p>the CR is suppressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to trigger sexual arousal in a geometric figure when presented shortly before a US?

<p>sexual arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process best illustrates the acquisition of new habits?

<p>learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning Concepts

  • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): In Pavlov's experiment, food was the US that naturally elicited salivation in dogs.
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A lakeshore property can become a CS when associated with a pleasurable experience, causing salivation.
  • Conditioned Response (CR): The involuntary salivation triggered by the CS (like a tone) after conditioning.
  • Unconditioned Response (UR): Salivation triggered by food is an UR, occurring naturally without conditioning.

Learning Processes

  • Observational Learning: Illustrated when a chimpanzee learns to open a box by observing another chimp do so.
  • Spontaneous Recovery: The re-emergence of an extinguished CR after a break from conditioning is termed spontaneous recovery, as seen in situations like accidental fear revival.
  • Generalization: When a response is evoked by stimuli resembling the CS, evident in situations like Little Albert’s fear extending from a white rat to a rabbit.
  • Discrimination: The ability to differentiate between a CS and other non-signaling stimuli, preventing false responses.

Conditioning Mechanisms

  • Acquisition: The phase where the CR is developed and strengthened through repeated CS-US pairings.
  • Extinction: Occurs when a CS is presented without the US over time, leading to a reduction or disappearance of the CR.
  • Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially evokes no response; becomes a CS through association with the US.

Key Figures in Conditioning

  • Ivan Pavlov: Known for foundational studies in classical conditioning, demonstrating associative learning across species.
  • John B. Watson: A prominent behaviorist focused on observable behaviors rather than mental processes, criticizing studies on self-concept and academic achievement.

Real-Life Applications of Conditioning

  • Generalization in Fear Responses: Children may generalize fear from one stimulus (e.g., needles) to similar stimuli (e.g., shots).
  • Associative Learning: Mice develop immune responses to sweet liquids conditioned with drugs that signal an impending immune response.

Additional Concepts

  • Cognitive Learning: Involves acquiring information through observation and language rather than traditional conditioning alone.
  • Conditioning Variations: Responses can vary based on earlier experiences, such as children showing stronger reactions to angry faces after a history of abuse.

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Explore the fundamental concepts of classical conditioning through these flashcards. Each card contains key terms and definitions relevant to the experiments conducted by Pavlov and others. Perfect for students wanting to enhance their understanding of psychology.

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