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What phenomenon describes the preference for certain tastes that become associated with nausea after only one trial?
What phenomenon describes the preference for certain tastes that become associated with nausea after only one trial?
Which of the following is an example of preparedness in learning associations?
Which of the following is an example of preparedness in learning associations?
What cognitive concept describes the ability to predict outcomes based on certain environmental stimuli?
What cognitive concept describes the ability to predict outcomes based on certain environmental stimuli?
In Bandura’s theory of observational learning, which process involves the ability to observe and remember a behavior?
In Bandura’s theory of observational learning, which process involves the ability to observe and remember a behavior?
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What term is used to describe the difference between having a learned response available and actually performing that response?
What term is used to describe the difference between having a learned response available and actually performing that response?
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What does the term 'vicarious conditioning' refer to in observational learning?
What does the term 'vicarious conditioning' refer to in observational learning?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of cognitive maps as proposed by Tolman?
Which of the following best describes the concept of cognitive maps as proposed by Tolman?
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What aspect of learning does evolutionary perspective emphasize according to the content?
What aspect of learning does evolutionary perspective emphasize according to the content?
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What does an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) do?
What does an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) do?
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What is an example of a conditioned response (CR)?
What is an example of a conditioned response (CR)?
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Which process involves the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response?
Which process involves the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response?
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What results from stimulus generalization?
What results from stimulus generalization?
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What is the main characteristic of higher-order conditioning?
What is the main characteristic of higher-order conditioning?
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In classical conditioning, what term describes the conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR)?
In classical conditioning, what term describes the conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR)?
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What type of classical conditioning occurs when the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus are presented simultaneously?
What type of classical conditioning occurs when the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus are presented simultaneously?
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Which term refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction?
Which term refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction?
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What is the main concept of operant conditioning?
What is the main concept of operant conditioning?
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According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, what happens if a response is followed by satisfying effects?
According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, what happens if a response is followed by satisfying effects?
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Which type of reinforcement leads to rapid responding but is easier to extinguish?
Which type of reinforcement leads to rapid responding but is easier to extinguish?
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In which scenario does negative reinforcement occur?
In which scenario does negative reinforcement occur?
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Which schedule of reinforcement provides a reward after a varying number of responses?
Which schedule of reinforcement provides a reward after a varying number of responses?
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What is shaping in the context of operant conditioning?
What is shaping in the context of operant conditioning?
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What distinguishes continuous reinforcement from intermittent reinforcement?
What distinguishes continuous reinforcement from intermittent reinforcement?
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What characterizes variable interval reinforcement?
What characterizes variable interval reinforcement?
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What can hinder the process of conditioning according to the principle of instinctive drift?
What can hinder the process of conditioning according to the principle of instinctive drift?
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What is the effect of punishment in operant conditioning?
What is the effect of punishment in operant conditioning?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
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Definitions
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally triggers a response (e.g., meat).
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): The natural, unlearned response to the UCS (e.g., salivation).
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, triggers a response (e.g., tone).
- Conditioned Response (CR): A learned response to a CS (e.g., salivation).
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Ivan Pavlov: Nobel Prize winner, studied digestion and discovered classical conditioning.
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Classical Conditioning and Phobias
- UCS: Dog bites you
- UCR: Fear
- CS: All dogs
- CR: Fear of all dogs
- Solution: Repeated pairings of CS in favorable circumstances.
Classical Conditioning: Terminology
- Stimulus contiguity: Stimuli occurring together in time and space.
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Types of Conditioning
- Simultaneous
- Short-delayed
- Trace
Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition: The initial learning or acquiring of a behavior that happens most quickly if the stimulus is unusual, intense, or novel.
- Extinction: The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response (CR) in the absence of the conditioned stimulus (CS).
- Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of a CR after its apparent extinction. It may be weaker and shorter-lived.
Basic Processes of Classical Conditioning
- Stimulus Generalization: Responding to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus (CS). e.g. A fear response to various dog types, not just the original dog.
- Stimulus Discrimination: Responding only to the original CS, not to similar stimuli. e.g. Responding only to a specific tone, not higher or lower pitch tones
- Higher-Order Conditioning: A conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with a new neutral stimulus. e.g. A previously neutral treatment room associated with chemotherapy triggering nausea.
Operant Conditioning
- Law of Effect (Thorndike): Responses followed by satisfying outcomes are strengthened; those followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened.
- Instrumental Learning (Thorndike): Learning where responses are controlled by consequences.
- Operant Conditioning (Skinner): Learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow.
- Shaping: Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired response until the desired response is achieved.
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Types of Consequences
- Positive Reinforcement: Presenting a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior. e.g. Giving a treat to a dog for sitting.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase a behaviour e.g Taking away chores if a student gets good grades.
- Punishment: Decreasing a behaviour by presenting an undesirable stimulus or removing a desirable stimulus e.g Giving extra homework.
Operant Conditioning
- Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs.
- Intermittent Reinforcement: Reinforcing a behavior some of the time, leading to more resistant behaviours.
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Schedules of Reinforcement:
- Ratio: Depends on the number of responses
- Interval: Depends on time
- Fixed: Predictable schedule
- Variable: Unpredictable schedule.
Changes in Our Understanding of Conditioning
- Biological Constraints: Innate tendencies that may limit an animal's ability to learn a new behaviour.
- Instinctive Drift: The tendency for an animal to revert to instinctive behaviours and interfere with learned behaviours.
- Taste Aversion: A strong dislike for a particular taste after an instance of nausea.
- Preparedness: Organisms are biologically prepared to learn some associations more easily than others. e.g. Fear of snakes.
Observational Learning
- Observational Learning: Learning by observing others' behavior.
- Vicarious Conditioning: Learning by observing another organism's conditioning.
- Mirror Neurons: Neurons activated when performing or observing an action. Helpful for understanding others' actions and emotional expression.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of classical conditioning, including important terms such as unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and their associated responses. It also highlights Ivan Pavlov's contributions to the field and how classical conditioning relates to phobias. Test your understanding of these key psychological principles!
