Classical and Modern Realism

The idea that political decisions are made based on practical considerations rather than moral principles, especially in situations of crisis where the state's survival is at stake.

The belief that human nature is fundamentally egoistic and that states act in their own self-interest to maximize power and security.

The belief that international relations are primarily driven by the structure of the international system, particularly the absence of a central authority and the distribution of power.

A theory that emphasizes strategic rationality and the use of logic and game theory to analyze the behavior of actors in international relations.

A situation where states, due to the anarchic nature of the international system, feel compelled to enhance their military capabilities for self-protection, which in turn creates insecurity among other states.

The belief that states are motivated by a desire for dominance and seek to maximize their power and influence in the international system.

The belief that states are primarily concerned with maintaining their security and survival and are cautious about expanding their power.

The idea that the distribution of power among states shapes their behavior and international outcomes.

A strategy used by states to maintain their security by preventing any one state from becoming so powerful that it can dominate the international system.

A situation where two major powers hold the majority of the world's military and economic capabilities, creating a relatively stable international system.

Classical realism is the oldest and most traditional approach to understanding the relationships between countries. It emphasizes the importance of power, security, and the pursuit of national interests in a world characterized by anarchy.

The most significant characteristic of classical realism is that it prioritizes security and survival above all else. States are constantly striving to protect their interests and remain secure in a dangerous world.

According to classical realists, the international system is inherently anarchic. This means that there is no overarching authority to enforce rules or provide stability, leading to a constant struggle for power.

Classical realists believe that moral considerations have little practical relevance in international affairs. It's a harsh reality where states act in their own self-interest, even if it means disregarding ethical principles.

Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Hobbes are considered the founding fathers of classical realism.Their ideas have heavily influenced modern-day realists.

The 'Melian Dialogue' from Thucydides highlights the power imbalance in international relations. It demonstrates how stronger nations can impose their will, regardless of justice or morality.

Machiavelli emphasized the importance of political acumen and state survival in his book 'The Prince.' He argued that leaders should be willing to use whatever means necessary to maintain power, even if it means compromising morality.

Hobbes argued that the natural state of humans is one of constant struggle and fear. States, in his view, are like individuals competing for security and survival in a chaotic world.

Modern Realists took inspiration from classical thinkers like Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Hobbes to develop their understanding of international relations. They believe that the world remains inherently dangerous and that power remains a crucial factor in security and survival.

Morgenthau, a key figure in modern realism, argued that all human beings share a natural 'thirst for power.' He believed that states act in their own self-interest and that a 'balance of power' is essential for maintaining international stability.