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What determines the dividing point between the network number and the host number in CIDR?

Network-prefix

What is the main benefit of CIDR in terms of IPv4 address space allocation?

Efficient allocation of IPv4 address space

What is the equivalent CIDR notation for the network 102.168.1.128 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128?

102.168.1.128/25

What is the advantage of CIDR over classful addressing?

Arbitrarily sized networks Signup and view all the answers

How are subnet masks represented in CIDR notation?

As a prefix length Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of counting the number of 1's in the binary subnet mask?

To determine the prefix length Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of converting a network from SNM to CIDR notation?

A variable network size Signup and view all the answers

What is route aggregation in CIDR?

A single routing table entry that represents multiple routes Signup and view all the answers

What is the major drawback of using FLSM in a production environment?

It wastes IP addresses Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using VLSM over FLSM?

It avoids IP address wastage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the concept of replacing traditional Class A, B, and C network addresses with a generalized concept of a 'network-prefix'?

Supernetting Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the development of CIDR?

To address the rapid growth of the Internet's routing tables Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to specify the number of leftmost contiguous bits in the network-portion of each routing table entry in CIDR?

Prefix-length Signup and view all the answers

What is the main problem associated with FLSM?

It leads to IP address wastage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of CIDR?

It allows for more efficient use of IP address space Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between FLSM and VLSM?

FLSM uses subnet masks with the same length, while VLSM uses different lengths Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue with the classful A, B, and C octet boundaries?

They do not foster the efficient allocation of a finite address space. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)?

It is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM). Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a private IP address and a public IP address?

Private IP addresses are used within a local network, while public IP addresses are used outside the local network. Signup and view all the answers

What is the scope of a private IP address?

Local, within a private network. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a public IP address?

To communicate with any device on the internet. Signup and view all the answers

Who provides a public IP address?

Internet Service Provider (ISP). Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using CIDR notation?

It allows for more efficient allocation of addresses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a /24 and a /16 in CIDR notation?

A /24 supports 254 hosts, while a /16 supports 65,534 hosts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of bits in an IPv4 address?

32 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the network address?

To uniquely identify networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the format of IP addresses to make them easier to read and write?

Dotted-decimal notation Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of possible IPv4 addresses?

2^32 Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of an IPv4 address?

Network, subnet, and host Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of subnet masks?

To define the network and host bit boundary of an IP address Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the host bits in a network address?

All 0's Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the finite number of IPv4 addresses?

The 32-bit address space is too small Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class D addresses in IP addressing?

Used for multicast purpose Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of bits allocated for the network address field in Class B networks?

16 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the main intention of Class A networks?

For use with a few very large networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 255.255.255.255 address in IP addressing?

Reserved for the 'limited broadcast' destination address Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of bits allocated for the host field in Class C networks?

8 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class E addresses in IP addressing?

Used for research purpose Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of each address in classful IP addressing?

Each address contains a self-encoding key that identifies the dividing point between the network-prefix and the host-number Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of IP address space divided into three different address classes?

0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of /8 networks that can be defined?

126 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of hosts per /16 network?

65534 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of /24 networks that can be defined?

2097152 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of hosts per /24 network?

254 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reserving the /8 network 127.0.0.0?

For loopback function Signup and view all the answers

Why are the all-0s and all-1s host numbers not assigned to individual hosts?

Because they are reserved for loopback and broadcast Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reserving the /8 network 0.0.0.0?

For default routing Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the network number in Class C networks?

21 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Class D addresses in IP addressing?

Multicast addresses Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the host field in Class C networks?

8 Signup and view all the answers

What is the IP address range for Class A networks?

0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main intention of Class A networks?

Large-scale networking Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of each address in classful IP addressing?

Fixed length Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class D addresses in IP addressing?

Used for multicast addresses Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the network address field in Class B networks?

16 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of IP address space divided into?

Three different address classes Signup and view all the answers

What is the IP address range for Class C networks?

192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class E addresses in IP addressing?

Reserved addresses Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class E addresses in IP addressing?

Reserved for future use Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the network address field in Class B networks?

16 Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of bits allocated for the network address field in Class A networks?

8 Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the host field in Class C networks?

8 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class E addresses in IP addressing?

Reserved for research purposes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main intention of Class A networks?

To provide a large number of hosts Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of possible networks in Class B networks?

16,384 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class D addresses in IP addressing?

Used for multicast purposes Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the host field in Class C networks?

8 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the main intention of Class A networks?

For use with a few very large networks Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the network address field in Class B networks?

16 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 255.255.255.255 address in IP addressing?

Reserved for limited broadcast Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the network address field in Class A networks?

8 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of each address in classful IP addressing?

Contains a self-encoding key Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of subnet mask?

To define the boundary between network bits and host bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of subnetting?

Reducing the size of the broadcast domain Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between FLSM and VLSM?

FLSM uses a fixed subnet mask, while VLSM uses a variable subnet mask Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class D addresses in IP addressing?

For multicast addresses Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of bits allocated for the host field in Class C networks?

8 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class E addresses in IP addressing?

For reserved addresses Signup and view all the answers

What is the main intention of Class A networks?

For large networks Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the network number in Class B networks?

16 bits Signup and view all the answers

What was the main limitation of the classful A, B, and C octet boundaries?

They did not foster the efficient allocation of a finite address space. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Private IP Addresses?

To provide a unique identification of a machine within a local network. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a Public IP Address and a Private IP Address?

Public IP Addresses are used outside a local network, while Private IP Addresses are used within. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)?

It allows for a more efficient allocation of IP addresses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of an IP address?

To provide a unique identification of a machine. Signup and view all the answers

Who provides a Public IP Address?

The Internet Service Provider (ISP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a /24 and a /16 in CIDR notation?

A /24 supports 254 hosts, while a /16 supports 65,534 hosts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using Variable-Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)?

It allows for a more efficient allocation of IP addresses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of dividing the IP address space into Class A, Class B, and Class C?

To provide flexibility required to support different size networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of each address in classful IP addressing?

It contains a self-encoding key that identifies the dividing point between the network-prefix and the host-number Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class A networks?

For use with a few very large networks Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the network address field in Class B networks?

16 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a private IP address and a public IP address?

Private IP addresses are free of cost, while public IP addresses come with a cost Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of Private IP Address Class C?

192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 255.255.255.255 address in IP addressing?

Reserved for the "limited broadcast" destination address Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the host field in Class C networks?

8 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of subnetting?

To divide a large IP network into smaller IP networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class D addresses in IP addressing?

For multicast purpose Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using private IP addresses?

They are free of cost Signup and view all the answers

Who provides a public IP address?

Internet Provider (ISP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class E addresses in IP addressing?

Reserved for research purpose Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of subnetting in terms of security?

Access policies can be enforced Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of allocating private IP addresses?

To facilitate communication within a private network Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using private IP addresses in terms of cost?

They are free of cost Signup and view all the answers

In CIDR notation, what is the purpose of counting the number of 1's in the binary subnet mask?

To calculate the prefix length Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of route aggregation in CIDR?

It reduces the number of routing table entries Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between CIDR and classful addressing?

CIDR uses arbitrary network numbers, while classful addressing uses 8-bit, 16-bit, or 24-bit network numbers Signup and view all the answers

What is the representation of the network 102.168.1.128 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128 in CIDR notation?

102.168.1.128/25 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of CIDR?

To replace traditional Class A, B, and C network addresses with a generalized concept of a 'network-prefix' Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of converting a network from SNM to CIDR notation?

A more efficient allocation of IPv4 address space Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of CIDR over classful addressing?

CIDR supports the deployment of arbitrarily sized networks, while classful addressing uses standard 8-bit, 16-bit, or 24-bit network numbers Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the network-prefix in CIDR?

To determine the dividing point between the network number and the host number Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the dotted-decimal notation in IP addresses?

To divide the 32-bit Internet address into four 8-bit fields Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of bits in an IPv4 address?

32 Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the host bits in a network address?

They contain all 0's Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a network address?

To identify a collection of devices on a network Signup and view all the answers

How many possible IPv4 addresses are available?

4,294,967,296 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of subnet masks in IP addressing?

To define the network and host bit boundary of an IP address Signup and view all the answers

What is the format of IP addresses that makes them easier to read and write?

Dotted-decimal notation Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the finite number of IPv4 addresses?

Because IPv4 addresses are 32-bit addresses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Class E addresses?

Reserved for research purposes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class D addresses?

Used for multicast purposes Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the network address field in Class C networks?

24 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the main intention of Class A networks?

Intended for very large networks Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the host field in Class C networks?

8 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of bits allocated for the network address field in Class B networks?

16 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 255.255.255.255 address?

Reserved for the 'limited broadcast' destination address Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of IP address space divided into three different address classes?

0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of subnetting can accommodate subnets of different sizes and avoids IP address wastage considerably?

Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Class A, B, and C network addresses and CIDR?

CIDR eliminates the traditional concept of Class A, B, and C network addresses Signup and view all the answers

What is the main problem associated with using Fixed Length Subnet Masking (FLSM) in a production environment?

It wastes IP addresses considering the maximum subnet size Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class D addresses in IP addressing?

Used for multicasting Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Class E addresses in IP addressing?

Reserved for future use Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the network number in Class C networks?

24 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the main intention of Class A networks?

Large-scale networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of IP address space divided into?

Three different address classes Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of /8 networks that can be defined?

126 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of hosts per /16 network?

65534 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of /24 networks that can be defined?

2097152 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of hosts per /24 network?

254 Signup and view all the answers

Why are the all-0s and all-1s host numbers not assigned to individual hosts?

They are used for broadcasting and identifying the network Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reserving the /8 network 127.0.0.0?

For use as a loopback function Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the network number in Class C networks?

21 Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the host field in Class C networks?

8 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of the classful A, B, and C octet boundaries?

They are not flexible in allocating address space Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a private IP address and a public IP address?

Private IP addresses are used for local networks, while public IP addresses are used for global networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using CIDR over classful addressing?

It is more scalable and flexible in allocating address space Signup and view all the answers

What is the scope of a private IP address?

Local to the present network Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a public IP address?

To communicate outside a local network Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of private IP addresses?

They are locally unique within a private network Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using VLSM over FLSM?

It is more scalable and flexible in allocating address space Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of using classful addressing?

It is not scalable Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of IP address space for Class A networks?

0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class D addresses in IP addressing?

Reserved for multicast Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the host field in Class C networks?

8 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of IP address space for Class E networks?

240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are allocated for the network number in Class B networks?

16 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of IP address space for Class B networks?

128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of addresses per network in Class C networks?

254 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Class E networks in IP addressing?

Reserved for future use Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classful Addressing Scheme

The classful A, B, and C octet boundaries were easy to understand and implement but didn't foster efficient allocation of a finite address space.
The class system lacked scalability in the face of the rapid expansion of the network in the 1990s.
The class system was replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993.

Private IP Address and Public IP Address

Private IP addresses are used within a local network and are invalid and non-routable on the Internet.
Public IP addresses are used outside the local network and are provided by an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Private IP addresses have a local scope and are locally unique within a private network.
Public IP addresses have a global scope and are globally unique across the Internet.

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary-length prefixes.
CIDR supports the deployment of arbitrarily sized networks rather than standard 8-bit, 16-bit, or 24-bit network numbers associated with classful addressing.
Routers use the network-prefix rather than the first 3 bits of the IP address to determine the dividing point between the network number and the host number.

Representation of IPv4 Network in CIDR Notation

CIDR notation represents a network address with a prefix length (e.g., 102.168.1.128/25).
The procedure to convert a subnet mask to CIDR notation involves:
- Writing the subnet mask as binary.
- Counting the number of 1's from the binary subnet mask.
- Writing the CIDR notation by mentioning the prefix after the network address.

Benefits of CIDR/Supernetting

CIDR enables efficient allocation of the IPv4 address space.
CIDR supports route aggregation, where a single routing table entry can represent the address space of thousands of traditional classful routes.
CIDR reduces IP address wastage and allows for subnets of different sizes.

Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)

VLSM allows for subnets of different sizes and avoids IP address wastage.
VLSM uses subnet masks with different lengths, which is more efficient than Fixed-Length Subnet Masking (FLSM).

Supernetting

Supernetting, also known as Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), was developed to address the scalability issues of the Internet's routing system.
Supernetting eliminates the traditional concept of Class A, Class B, and Class C network addresses and replaces them with the generalized concept of a "network-prefix."

Classful Networks

Classful networks divide the IP address space into three different address classes: Class A, Class B, and Class C.
Class A networks allocate 8 bits for the network address field, Class B networks allocate 16 bits, and Class C networks allocate 24 bits.
Class C networks provide only 8 bits for the host field, which can be a limiting factor.

IP Addressing

IP version 4 (IPv4) defines a 32-bit address, which means there are only 2^32 (4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses available.
The finite number of IP addresses will eventually be exhausted.
IP addresses are often expressed in dotted-decimal notation, which divides the 32-bit Internet address into four 8-bit (byte) fields and specifies the value of each field independently as a decimal number with the fields separated by dots.

Special Addresses

Network address is used to uniquely identify networks and represents a collection of devices that have the same network bits in their IP address.
The host bits of a network address contain all 0's.
Routers maintain network addresses in their routing table for taking routing decisions.

Classful Networks

Class A networks are referred to as "/8s" and have an 8-bit network-prefix, with a maximum of 126 (2^7 - 2) networks that can be defined.
Each /8 network supports a maximum of 16,777,214 (2^24 - 2) hosts per network.
Class B networks are referred to as "/16s" and have a 16-bit network-prefix, with a maximum of 16,384 (2^14) networks that can be defined.
Each /16 network supports up to 65,534 (2^16 - 2) hosts per network.
Class C networks are referred to as "/24s" and have a 24-bit network-prefix, with a maximum of 2,097,152 (2^21) networks that can be defined.
Each /24 network supports up to 254 (2^8 - 2) hosts per network.

IP Addressing

The IP address space is divided into three classes: A, B, and C.
Class A networks have 8 bits for the network address field, Class B networks have 16 bits, and Class C networks have 24 bits.
Class D addresses are used for multicast purposes, and Class E addresses are reserved for research purposes.
Each address contains a self-encoding key that identifies the dividing point between the network-prefix and the host-number.

Subnetting

Subnetting divides a network into smaller subnets, and designates high-order bits from the host as part of the network prefix.
Subnetting reduces the size of the broadcast domain and broadcast messages, helping network devices not to waste their resources.
An organization can divide its assigned IP network into subnets to assign a distinct subnetwork number for each of its internal networks.

Supernetting and CIDR

By the 1990s, the exponential growth of the Internet raised concerns about the ability of the Internet's routing system to scale and support future growth.
The response to these challenges was the development of Supernetting or Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).
CIDR eliminates the traditional concept of Class A, B, and C network addresses and replaces them with the generalized concept of a "network-prefix".
In the CIDR model, each piece of routing information is advertised with a bit mask (or prefix-length).

Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)

VLSM allows subnets to have different lengths and avoids IP address wastage.
VLSM comes to the rescue when subnets of different sizes are needed in a production environment.

Fixed Length Subnet Masking (FLSM)

FLSM subnetting divides a network into smaller subnets of equal size.
All subnets have equal number of host addresses and use the same subnet mask.

Subnet Mask

Subnet mask is a string of 1's followed by a string of 0's of 32 bits in length.
The 1's in the subnet mask identify network bits, and the 0's identify the host bits, defining the boundary between network and host bits in a given 32-bit IP address.

IPv4 Address Structure

An IPv4 address consists of 32 bits, divided into three parts: network address, subnet address, and host address.
The network address identifies a network, the subnet address (optional) further divides the network, and the host address identifies a device on the network.

IPv4 Address Notation

IPv4 addresses are often expressed in dotted-decimal notation, which divides the 32-bit address into four 8-bit (byte) fields, separated by dots, and specifies the value of each field as a decimal number.
Each field in the dotted-decimal notation can have a value between 0 and 255.

Special Addresses

Network address: used to identify networks, has all 0's in the host bits, and is used in routing tables by routers.
255.255.255.255: reserved for limited broadcast destination addresses.

Classful Networks

Classful networks divide the IPv4 address space into three classes: A, B, and C, each with a predefined number of bits for the network address field.
Class A: 8 bits for the network address field, mainly used for very large networks.
Class B: 16 bits for the network address field.
Class C: 24 bits for the network address field, but only 8 bits for the host field, which can be a limiting factor.

Private and Public IP Addresses

Private IP addresses: used within a local network, invalid and non-routable on the internet, and locally unique.
Public IP addresses: used outside the local network, globally unique, and provided by Internet Service Providers (ISPs).

Subnetting

Subnetting: dividing a large IP network into smaller subnets to manage networks more efficiently.
Advantages of subnetting: manageable networks, enhanced security, and improved routing efficiency.
Subnetting was introduced in 1985 to overcome the limitations of the classful two-level addressing hierarchy.

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

CIDR: replaced the classful addressing system, allowing for arbitrarily sized networks and more efficient allocation of the IPv4 address space.
CIDR supports route aggregation, where a single routing table entry can represent the address space of thousands of traditional classful routes.
CIDR notation: represents the network address and the prefix length (e.g., 102.168.1.128/25).

Classful Networks

Class A networks (/8s) have an 8-bit network prefix and support up to 126 networks with a maximum of 16,777,214 hosts per network.
Class B networks (/16s) have a 16-bit network prefix and support up to 16,384 networks with up to 65,534 hosts per network.
Class C networks (/24s) have a 24-bit network prefix and support up to 2,097,152 networks with up to 254 hosts per network.

Classful Addressing Scheme

The IP address space is divided into three different address classes: Class A, Class B, and Class C.
Class A networks are intended for use with a few very large networks, providing only 8 bits for the network address field.
Class B networks allocate 16 bits, and Class C networks allocate 24 bits for the network address field.

Class D and Class E Addresses

Class D addresses are used for multicast purposes.
Class E addresses are reserved for research purposes.

Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)

VLSM allows for subnets of different sizes, reducing IP address wastage.
VLSMs use subnet masks with different lengths to avoid wastage of IP addresses.

Supernetting - Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

CIDR eliminates the traditional concept of Class A, Class B, and Class C network addresses.
Each piece of routing information is advertised with a bit mask (or prefix-length).
CIDR allows for efficient allocation of a finite address space.

Private IP Address and Public IP Address

Private IP addresses are used within a local network and are invalid and non-routable in the Internet.
Public IP addresses are used outside the local network and are provided by an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Private IP addresses are locally unique within a private network, while public IP addresses are globally unique across the Internet.

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