Classes of Nutrients Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the definition of animal nutrition?

A series of processes by which an organism takes in and assimilates food: promoting growth, replacing tissue (maintenance), production (milk, eggs, wool, etc).

Nutrients are essential for what 5 elements of life?

Needs of the animal body for specific and essential factors (water, energy, lipids, etc), 2) Analysis of various foods and diets, 3) Effects of nutrient deficiency, 4) Effects of non-nutrients, 5) Effects of physical properties of food (density, bulk, particle size).

Please explain the difference between food and feed.

Food is edible material that provides nutrients; used for companion animal applications. Feed refers to food for animals; used for domesticated farm animal applications.

Please explain the difference between diet and ration.

Diet is a mixture of foodstuffs or feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal. Ration is the supply of food (or feed) fed at a feeding or daily. Signup and view all the answers

What 6 classes can nutrients be broken down into?

<ol> <li>Water, 2) Carbohydrate, 3) Lipid, 4) Protein, 5) Vitamins, 6) Minerals.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Name 5 factors affecting nutrition.

<ol> <li>Stage of Life Cycle, 2) Environment, 3) Genetics, 4) Physical Activity, 5) Health Status.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How much more water do animals need when compared to their dry food intake?

2-5 times as much water as their dry food intake. Signup and view all the answers

Animals can live longer without water than food.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percent of an animal's body contains water?

45-85% Signup and view all the answers

What percent of the animal's muscle weight is contributed to its water content?

~ 70% Signup and view all the answers

What percent of adipose (fat) tissue contains water?

~ 5% Signup and view all the answers

A higher yielding steer with a higher percentage of lean muscle will have a lower percentage of his weight contributed to water than a fatter, lower cutability steer.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 functions of water?

<ol> <li>Lubrication, 2) Nutrient Transport, 3) Nutrient Absorption, 4) Waste Excretion, 5) Temperature Control.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How can water regulate body temperature?

Water temp lower than internal temp of animal. Helps to cool animal body temp. Signup and view all the answers

Will heat tend to raise or lower the water consumption of animals?

Raise Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 sources of water?

<ol> <li>Drinking, 2) Food, 3) Metabolic Water.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How is metabolic water formed?

C6H12O2 >>>> H2O + CO2 + ATP. Signup and view all the answers

During what 3 processes does water loss take place?

<ol> <li>Urine, 2) Feces, 3) Skin & Lungs.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

With the exception of a panting dog, the majority of water is lost in _______.

Urine Signup and view all the answers

What repeating compound unit are all carbohydrates derived from?

CH2O Signup and view all the answers

All carbohydrates are derived from photosynthesis.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name the 2 general types of carbohydrate classification.

<ol> <li>Structural, 2) Nonstructural.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a structural carbohydrate.

Cellulose & hemicellulose. Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a nonstructural carbohydrate.

Sugars & starch. Signup and view all the answers

What percent of corn is a carbohydrate?

85% Signup and view all the answers

What class of nutrient is soluble in organic solvents?

Lipids. Signup and view all the answers

Lipids provide how much more energy than carbohydrates and proteins?

2.25 times as much energy. Signup and view all the answers

What are two general classifications of lipids?

<ol> <li>Fats, 2) Oils.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What chemical and physical characteristics do 'fats' possess and please give an example.

<ul> <li>Long chained, saturated, solid at room temperature. - An example would be Tallow.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What chemical and physical characteristics do 'oils' possess and please give an example.

<ul> <li>Long chained, unsaturated, liquid at room temperature. - An example would be Soy Oil.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What functions do lipids possess in various animal diets?

<ol> <li>Energy (9 kcals/g), 2) Solvent for fat-soluble vitamins, 3) Source of essential fatty acids, 4) Increases palatability and decreases dustiness of feeds.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How much energy do lipids possess on a kcal per gram basis?

9.4 kcal/g. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most expensive nutrient added to diets?

Protein. Signup and view all the answers

What 4 elements make up the proteins molecular/chemical make-up?

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What classification of nutrients is the source of essential amino acids?

Proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What are 2 types of proteins? Please give an example of each.

<ol> <li>Structural - hair, hooves, muscle, 2) Nonstructural - enzymes, antibodies, hormones.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Name the fat soluble vitamins that can be stored by the animal's body.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K. Signup and view all the answers

Name the water soluble vitamins that cannot be stored in the animal's body and must be provided on a regular basis.

Vitamins C and B (any of the B types). Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of nutrients are inorganic nutrients that cannot be decomposed or synthesized?

Minerals. Signup and view all the answers

Serious problems can occur if minerals are not fed in proper balance.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 main functions of minerals?

<ol> <li>Structural (bones, teeth), 2) Components of enzyme systems, 3) Physiological and Neurological role (ions), 4) Regulate Osmotic Pressure.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Macrominerals are needed in large amounts and must be at least how many parts per million (ppm) in the body?

7100 ppm. Signup and view all the answers

Name 3 examples of macrominerals.

Calcium, Sodium & Chloride (salt), Potassium, Magnesium, Sulfur. Signup and view all the answers

What classification of minerals are required at less than 100 ppm in the body?

Microminerals. Signup and view all the answers

Name 3 microminerals.

Selenium, Copper, Iron, Zinc, Cobalt. Signup and view all the answers

Why do forages stimulate rumination?

<ul> <li>Long particle size, - High fiber content.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Please describe the characteristics of forages.

<ol> <li>Low in energy, 2) Low in protein, 3) High in fiber, 4) Maybe high in Ca and/or K, 5) Low in P.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feed is very high in energy and is usually from grains or byproduct feeds?

Concentrates. Signup and view all the answers

Please describe the nutrient profile of concentrates.

<ol> <li>High in energy, 2) Low to moderate in protein, 3) Low in fiber, 4) Low in Ca & K, 5) High in P.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What species of animals are high concentrate diets fed to?

Poultry, Pigs, Dogs, Cats, Fish & Cattle. Signup and view all the answers

What species of animals is forage quality very important for?

Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Exotic Animals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the common forage to concentrate ratio that is common in dairy diets?

60% forage to 40% concentrate on a dry matter basis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the least expensive nutrient added to diets?

Carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

Feed efficiency indicates what?

How well an animal uses nutrients - ability of an animal to convert a unit of feed to a unit of body mass. Signup and view all the answers

Feed efficiency vs Feed conversion ratio.

Feed efficiency = weight gain/feed (G:F); Feed conversion = feed intake/ weight gain (F:G). Signup and view all the answers

Things that alter feed efficiency.

<ol> <li>Diet quality & Digestibility, 2) Age (mature animals are less affected), 3) Composition of gain (fat vs lean), 4) Endocrine status (hormone profile), 5) Environment (hot, cold, just right), 6) Genetics (mature size, growth rate).</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Determining Water Quality.

<ol> <li>Chemical: hardness, nitrates, total dissolved solids; 2) Bacteria: coliforms; 3) Physical: turbidity, color, odor.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are coliforms?

Bacteria commonly found in water that cause GI issues. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Animal Nutrition Overview

Animal nutrition involves processes that include growth promotion, tissue replacement, and production (e.g., milk, eggs).
Nutrients meet essential needs of animals, impacting health and performance.

Nutrient Functions

Nutrients are vital for survival, deficiency can cause health issues, and proper food properties influence nutrient availability.
Key components include water, energy, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

Food vs. Feed

Food refers to nutrients for companion animals, whereas feed is designated for farm animals.

Diet vs. Ration

Diet is the nutrient mix provided to an animal, while ration is the daily quantity of food or feed supplied.

Classes of Nutrients

Nutrients are classified into six fundamental classes:
- Water
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Minerals

Influencing Factors on Nutrition

Nutrition is affected by the animal's life stage, environmental conditions, genetics, physical activity, and health status.

Water Needs

Animals require 2-5 times more water than their dry food intake.
Most animals cannot survive long without water, significantly more so than without food.

Water Composition in Animals

Body water percentage varies between 45-85%.
Muscle water content is approximately 70%, while adipose tissue contains about 5%.

Functions of Water

Key functions include lubrication, nutrient transport, waste excretion, temperature control, and nutrient absorption.

Water Sources

Water is sourced from drinking, food, and metabolic processes (chemical reactions in the body).

Carbohydrates Overview

Carbohydrates derive from the repeating unit CH2O, predominantly synthesized through photosynthesis.
Two classifications exist: structural (e.g., cellulose) and nonstructural (e.g., sugars).

Lipids

Lipids are soluble in organic solvents and provide 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates and proteins.
Lipid types include fats (solid at room temp) and oils (liquid at room temp).

Protein Importance

Proteins are crucial for essential amino acids, containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Two types are structural (e.g., muscle) and nonstructural (e.g., enzymes).

Vitamins and Minerals

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) can be stored in the body.
Water-soluble vitamins (C, B) must be provided regularly.
Minerals are inorganic nutrients essential for various functions such as structural support, enzyme activity, and regulating osmotic pressure.

Forages and Concentrates

Forages are high in fiber but low in energy and protein; stimulate rumination due to long particle size.
Concentrates are high-energy feeds, low in fiber, suitable for high-performance species like poultry and livestock.

Feed Efficiency

Feed efficiency measures how effectively animals convert feed into body mass, influenced by diet quality, age, and environmental conditions.
Feed efficiency is calculated as weight gain per unit of feed, while feed conversion ratio measures feed intake relative to weight gain.

Water Quality Assessment

Water quality is evaluated through chemical analyses (e.g., hardness), bacterial presence (e.g., coliforms), and physical properties (e.g., turbidity).

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Description

This quiz focuses on the essential classes of nutrients and their roles in animal nutrition. It covers definitions, key concepts, and the importance of nutrients for growth, maintenance, and production in animals. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of animal dietary needs.