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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of animal nutrition?
What is the definition of animal nutrition?
A series of processes by which an organism takes in and assimilates food: promoting growth, replacing tissue (maintenance), production (milk, eggs, wool, etc).
Nutrients are essential for what 5 elements of life?
Nutrients are essential for what 5 elements of life?
- Needs of the animal body for specific and essential factors (water, energy, lipids, etc), 2) Analysis of various foods and diets, 3) Effects of nutrient deficiency, 4) Effects of non-nutrients, 5) Effects of physical properties of food (density, bulk, particle size).
Please explain the difference between food and feed.
Please explain the difference between food and feed.
Food is edible material that provides nutrients; used for companion animal applications. Feed refers to food for animals; used for domesticated farm animal applications.
Please explain the difference between diet and ration.
Please explain the difference between diet and ration.
What 6 classes can nutrients be broken down into?
What 6 classes can nutrients be broken down into?
Name 5 factors affecting nutrition.
Name 5 factors affecting nutrition.
How much more water do animals need when compared to their dry food intake?
How much more water do animals need when compared to their dry food intake?
Animals can live longer without water than food.
Animals can live longer without water than food.
What percent of an animal's body contains water?
What percent of an animal's body contains water?
What percent of the animal's muscle weight is contributed to its water content?
What percent of the animal's muscle weight is contributed to its water content?
What percent of adipose (fat) tissue contains water?
What percent of adipose (fat) tissue contains water?
A higher yielding steer with a higher percentage of lean muscle will have a lower percentage of his weight contributed to water than a fatter, lower cutability steer.
A higher yielding steer with a higher percentage of lean muscle will have a lower percentage of his weight contributed to water than a fatter, lower cutability steer.
What are the 5 functions of water?
What are the 5 functions of water?
How can water regulate body temperature?
How can water regulate body temperature?
Will heat tend to raise or lower the water consumption of animals?
Will heat tend to raise or lower the water consumption of animals?
What are the 3 sources of water?
What are the 3 sources of water?
How is metabolic water formed?
How is metabolic water formed?
During what 3 processes does water loss take place?
During what 3 processes does water loss take place?
With the exception of a panting dog, the majority of water is lost in _______.
With the exception of a panting dog, the majority of water is lost in _______.
What repeating compound unit are all carbohydrates derived from?
What repeating compound unit are all carbohydrates derived from?
All carbohydrates are derived from photosynthesis.
All carbohydrates are derived from photosynthesis.
Name the 2 general types of carbohydrate classification.
Name the 2 general types of carbohydrate classification.
Give an example of a structural carbohydrate.
Give an example of a structural carbohydrate.
Give an example of a nonstructural carbohydrate.
Give an example of a nonstructural carbohydrate.
What percent of corn is a carbohydrate?
What percent of corn is a carbohydrate?
What class of nutrient is soluble in organic solvents?
What class of nutrient is soluble in organic solvents?
Lipids provide how much more energy than carbohydrates and proteins?
Lipids provide how much more energy than carbohydrates and proteins?
What are two general classifications of lipids?
What are two general classifications of lipids?
What chemical and physical characteristics do 'fats' possess and please give an example.
What chemical and physical characteristics do 'fats' possess and please give an example.
What chemical and physical characteristics do 'oils' possess and please give an example.
What chemical and physical characteristics do 'oils' possess and please give an example.
What functions do lipids possess in various animal diets?
What functions do lipids possess in various animal diets?
How much energy do lipids possess on a kcal per gram basis?
How much energy do lipids possess on a kcal per gram basis?
What is the most expensive nutrient added to diets?
What is the most expensive nutrient added to diets?
What 4 elements make up the proteins molecular/chemical make-up?
What 4 elements make up the proteins molecular/chemical make-up?
What classification of nutrients is the source of essential amino acids?
What classification of nutrients is the source of essential amino acids?
What are 2 types of proteins? Please give an example of each.
What are 2 types of proteins? Please give an example of each.
Name the fat soluble vitamins that can be stored by the animal's body.
Name the fat soluble vitamins that can be stored by the animal's body.
Name the water soluble vitamins that cannot be stored in the animal's body and must be provided on a regular basis.
Name the water soluble vitamins that cannot be stored in the animal's body and must be provided on a regular basis.
Which classification of nutrients are inorganic nutrients that cannot be decomposed or synthesized?
Which classification of nutrients are inorganic nutrients that cannot be decomposed or synthesized?
Serious problems can occur if minerals are not fed in proper balance.
Serious problems can occur if minerals are not fed in proper balance.
What are the 4 main functions of minerals?
What are the 4 main functions of minerals?
Macrominerals are needed in large amounts and must be at least how many parts per million (ppm) in the body?
Macrominerals are needed in large amounts and must be at least how many parts per million (ppm) in the body?
Name 3 examples of macrominerals.
Name 3 examples of macrominerals.
What classification of minerals are required at less than 100 ppm in the body?
What classification of minerals are required at less than 100 ppm in the body?
Name 3 microminerals.
Name 3 microminerals.
Why do forages stimulate rumination?
Why do forages stimulate rumination?
Please describe the characteristics of forages.
Please describe the characteristics of forages.
What type of feed is very high in energy and is usually from grains or byproduct feeds?
What type of feed is very high in energy and is usually from grains or byproduct feeds?
Please describe the nutrient profile of concentrates.
Please describe the nutrient profile of concentrates.
What species of animals are high concentrate diets fed to?
What species of animals are high concentrate diets fed to?
What species of animals is forage quality very important for?
What species of animals is forage quality very important for?
What is the common forage to concentrate ratio that is common in dairy diets?
What is the common forage to concentrate ratio that is common in dairy diets?
What is the least expensive nutrient added to diets?
What is the least expensive nutrient added to diets?
Feed efficiency indicates what?
Feed efficiency indicates what?
Feed efficiency vs Feed conversion ratio.
Feed efficiency vs Feed conversion ratio.
Things that alter feed efficiency.
Things that alter feed efficiency.
Determining Water Quality.
Determining Water Quality.
What are coliforms?
What are coliforms?
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Study Notes
Animal Nutrition Overview
- Animal nutrition involves processes that include growth promotion, tissue replacement, and production (e.g., milk, eggs).
- Nutrients meet essential needs of animals, impacting health and performance.
Nutrient Functions
- Nutrients are vital for survival, deficiency can cause health issues, and proper food properties influence nutrient availability.
- Key components include water, energy, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
Food vs. Feed
- Food refers to nutrients for companion animals, whereas feed is designated for farm animals.
Diet vs. Ration
- Diet is the nutrient mix provided to an animal, while ration is the daily quantity of food or feed supplied.
Classes of Nutrients
- Nutrients are classified into six fundamental classes:
- Water
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Minerals
Influencing Factors on Nutrition
- Nutrition is affected by the animal's life stage, environmental conditions, genetics, physical activity, and health status.
Water Needs
- Animals require 2-5 times more water than their dry food intake.
- Most animals cannot survive long without water, significantly more so than without food.
Water Composition in Animals
- Body water percentage varies between 45-85%.
- Muscle water content is approximately 70%, while adipose tissue contains about 5%.
Functions of Water
- Key functions include lubrication, nutrient transport, waste excretion, temperature control, and nutrient absorption.
Water Sources
- Water is sourced from drinking, food, and metabolic processes (chemical reactions in the body).
Carbohydrates Overview
- Carbohydrates derive from the repeating unit CH2O, predominantly synthesized through photosynthesis.
- Two classifications exist: structural (e.g., cellulose) and nonstructural (e.g., sugars).
Lipids
- Lipids are soluble in organic solvents and provide 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates and proteins.
- Lipid types include fats (solid at room temp) and oils (liquid at room temp).
Protein Importance
- Proteins are crucial for essential amino acids, containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.
- Two types are structural (e.g., muscle) and nonstructural (e.g., enzymes).
Vitamins and Minerals
- Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) can be stored in the body.
- Water-soluble vitamins (C, B) must be provided regularly.
- Minerals are inorganic nutrients essential for various functions such as structural support, enzyme activity, and regulating osmotic pressure.
Forages and Concentrates
- Forages are high in fiber but low in energy and protein; stimulate rumination due to long particle size.
- Concentrates are high-energy feeds, low in fiber, suitable for high-performance species like poultry and livestock.
Feed Efficiency
- Feed efficiency measures how effectively animals convert feed into body mass, influenced by diet quality, age, and environmental conditions.
- Feed efficiency is calculated as weight gain per unit of feed, while feed conversion ratio measures feed intake relative to weight gain.
Water Quality Assessment
- Water quality is evaluated through chemical analyses (e.g., hardness), bacterial presence (e.g., coliforms), and physical properties (e.g., turbidity).
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