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Questions and Answers
Which of the following characteristics is specific to adult tapeworms (Class Cestoda)?
Which of the following characteristics is specific to adult tapeworms (Class Cestoda)?
- They exclusively reproduce asexually.
- They are always hermaphroditic. (correct)
- They are only parasitic during the larval stages.
- They are exclusively found in vertebrate hosts.
Tapeworms in the Class Cestoda are parasitic only during the adult developmental stages.
Tapeworms in the Class Cestoda are parasitic only during the adult developmental stages.
False (B)
In most tapeworm species, where does the adult parasite typically reside within the definitive host?
In most tapeworm species, where does the adult parasite typically reside within the definitive host?
gut
The anterior holdfast organ of a tapeworm, used for attachment, is called the ________.
The anterior holdfast organ of a tapeworm, used for attachment, is called the ________.
Match the following tapeworm body parts with their descriptions:
Match the following tapeworm body parts with their descriptions:
What is the primary function of the rostellum in certain tapeworm species?
What is the primary function of the rostellum in certain tapeworm species?
Proglottids are individual reproductive units that are only capable of cross-fertilization with other tapeworms.
Proglottids are individual reproductive units that are only capable of cross-fertilization with other tapeworms.
What structural adaptation found on the scolex of a tapeworm aids in nutrient absorption and attachment to the host?
What structural adaptation found on the scolex of a tapeworm aids in nutrient absorption and attachment to the host?
In tapeworms, the chain of segments formed at successively later stages of development is known as the _______.
In tapeworms, the chain of segments formed at successively later stages of development is known as the _______.
Match the term pertaining to tapeworm proglottids with its description:
Match the term pertaining to tapeworm proglottids with its description:
How do tapeworms reproduce?
How do tapeworms reproduce?
In tapeworms, the male and female reproductive organs in individual proglottids always mature at the same time to ensure successful self-fertilization.
In tapeworms, the male and female reproductive organs in individual proglottids always mature at the same time to ensure successful self-fertilization.
What is the term for the asexual reproduction that occurs in some tapeworm species, particularly during their larval stage?
What is the term for the asexual reproduction that occurs in some tapeworm species, particularly during their larval stage?
When a tapeworm strobila loops back on itself to facilitate mating between proglottids with mature reproductive organs, it is engaging in ________.
When a tapeworm strobila loops back on itself to facilitate mating between proglottids with mature reproductive organs, it is engaging in ________.
Match the given cestode with the animal(s) it is found in.
Match the given cestode with the animal(s) it is found in.
A veterinarian diagnoses a dog with Taenia pisiformis. Which statement accurately describes this parasite?
A veterinarian diagnoses a dog with Taenia pisiformis. Which statement accurately describes this parasite?
In a Taenia pisiformis infection, a definitive host (such as a dog) becomes infected by ingesting ova disseminated into the environment.
In a Taenia pisiformis infection, a definitive host (such as a dog) becomes infected by ingesting ova disseminated into the environment.
What type of proglottids are typically seen in the feces of a dog infected with Taenia pisiformis?
What type of proglottids are typically seen in the feces of a dog infected with Taenia pisiformis?
The intermediate host for Taenia pisiformis are rabbits or ______.
The intermediate host for Taenia pisiformis are rabbits or ______.
Match the control/treatment to the parasite.
Match the control/treatment to the parasite.
Which of the following is a key feature of Taenia taeniaformis?
Which of the following is a key feature of Taenia taeniaformis?
Taenia taeniaformis adult tapeworms are commonly found in the small intestine of ruminants.
Taenia taeniaformis adult tapeworms are commonly found in the small intestine of ruminants.
What dietary pattern in cats might suggest a higher risk of Taenia taeniaformis infection?
What dietary pattern in cats might suggest a higher risk of Taenia taeniaformis infection?
The strobilocercus larvae of Taenia taeniaformis are typically found in the ______ of the intermediate host.
The strobilocercus larvae of Taenia taeniaformis are typically found in the ______ of the intermediate host.
Match the following words to their descriptions in terms of Taenia taeniaformis.
Match the following words to their descriptions in terms of Taenia taeniaformis.
Which of the following is a primary means of controlling the spread of Taenia solium in humans?
Which of the following is a primary means of controlling the spread of Taenia solium in humans?
Taenia saginata causes cysticercosis in humans.
Taenia saginata causes cysticercosis in humans.
In the context of Taenia saginata infection, what animal is considered the intermediate host in its life cycle?
In the context of Taenia saginata infection, what animal is considered the intermediate host in its life cycle?
In humans infected with Taenia saginata, the treatment typically involves the drug _______.
In humans infected with Taenia saginata, the treatment typically involves the drug _______.
Match the terms with their relevant aspects related to Taenia saginata:
Match the terms with their relevant aspects related to Taenia saginata:
What is the key difference between Taenia saginata and Taenia solium infections in terms of human health?
What is the key difference between Taenia saginata and Taenia solium infections in terms of human health?
USDA guidelines recommend specific cooking temperatures for pork to prevent Taenia saginata infections.
USDA guidelines recommend specific cooking temperatures for pork to prevent Taenia saginata infections.
What is the term for the condition in pigs caused by Taenia solium, which results in the condemnation of pork?
What is the term for the condition in pigs caused by Taenia solium, which results in the condemnation of pork?
If humans ingest Taenia solium eggs, they may develop ________, where cysticerci form in muscles, eyes, and the brain.
If humans ingest Taenia solium eggs, they may develop ________, where cysticerci form in muscles, eyes, and the brain.
Match the term with its relevant aspect related to Taenia solium.
Match the term with its relevant aspect related to Taenia solium.
Which of the following attributes differentiates Echinococcus granulosus from other tapeworms?
Which of the following attributes differentiates Echinococcus granulosus from other tapeworms?
The distribution of Echinococcus granulosus is largely uniform across all geographical regions due to its ability to infect a broad range of definitive and intermediate hosts.
The distribution of Echinococcus granulosus is largely uniform across all geographical regions due to its ability to infect a broad range of definitive and intermediate hosts.
Which domestic animal is typically the definitive host for Echinococcus granulosus, contributing to its life cycle?
Which domestic animal is typically the definitive host for Echinococcus granulosus, contributing to its life cycle?
In humans, ingestion of Echinococcus eggs leads to the formation of _______ in various organs, causing organ damage and potential anaphylaxis.
In humans, ingestion of Echinococcus eggs leads to the formation of _______ in various organs, causing organ damage and potential anaphylaxis.
Match:
Match:
A host ingests a tapeworm egg, what infection would they most likely have?
A host ingests a tapeworm egg, what infection would they most likely have?
Flashcards
What are Tapeworms?
What are Tapeworms?
Members of Class Cestoda, known for parasitic lifestyles in adult and larval stages.
What is a Scolex?
What is a Scolex?
The anterior holdfast organ of a tapeworm, used for attachment.
What is the Neck of a Tapeworm?
What is the Neck of a Tapeworm?
The germinative portion of a tapeworm, responsible for producing new segments.
What is the Strobila?
What is the Strobila?
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What are Proglottids?
What are Proglottids?
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What are Gravid Proglottids?
What are Gravid Proglottids?
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What is Self-Fertilization?
What is Self-Fertilization?
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What is the Reproductive Unit?
What is the Reproductive Unit?
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What is the life cycle of Taenia pisiformis?
What is the life cycle of Taenia pisiformis?
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What is the life cycle of Taenia taeniaeformis?
What is the life cycle of Taenia taeniaeformis?
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What is the life cycle of Taenia saginata?
What is the life cycle of Taenia saginata?
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What is control of Taenia solium?
What is control of Taenia solium?
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Echinococcus granulosus: What is Transmission?
Echinococcus granulosus: What is Transmission?
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Study Notes
- Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Cestoda are Tapeworms
Introduction
- Tapeworms are members of Class Cestoda
- Tapeworms are parasitic as adults and larvae
- Adult tapeworms live in the gut of a definitive host
- Intermediate hosts are vertebrates or invertebrates
General Body Structure
- Adults are sexually mature in the definitive or final host
- Adult tapeworms are ribbon-shaped, multisegmented, hermaphroditic flatworms
- Each segment of an adult tapeworm has a complete male and female reproductive system
- Scolex is the anterior holdfast organ
- The neck is the germinative portion
- Strobila are segments at successively later stages of development
- The body consists of a scolex with hooks, suckers, and a rostellum
- The neck is followed by the strobila, which consists of immature, mature, and gravid proglottids
- Segmented bodies are called proglottids
- Larvae encyst in tissues of the intermediate host
- Larval cysts contain one or many scoleces of future adult worms
- The rostellum protrudes during attachment and penetrates the intestinal mucosa using hooks
- Rostellum is important during digestion and bowel movement so the tapeworm isn't expelled in feces
Reproduction
- Tapeworms can reproduce asexually via self-fertilization or sexually with a mate
- Each proglottid is an individual reproductive unit and contains one or two sets of reproductive organs
Cestode Groups
- Large animal adult tapeworms include Anoplocephala (equine) and Moniezia (ruminants)
- Large animal larval tapes include Taenia saginata (cattle) and Taenia solium (swine)
- Small animal adult tapeworms include Taenia pisiformis (dogs), Taenia taeniaformis (cats), Echinococcus granulosus (dogs), Dipylidium caninum (dogs, cats), and Spirometra sp. (dogs, cats)
- Human "Zoonosis" adult tapeworms include Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, and Dipylidium caninum
- Human Zoonosis larval tapeworms include Echinococcus sp., Taenia solium, and Spirometra sp.
Tapeworms Infecting Animals
- Taenia pisiformis infects dogs
- Taenia taeniaformis infects cats
Taenia pisiformis
- Taenia pisiformis is a large tapeworm of dogs
- It has a scolex with a non-retractable armed rostellum and 4 suckers
- Its strobila is up to 6 ft long, made of rectangular proglottids with single irregularly alternating unilateral genital pores
- Taenia pisiformis is worldwide and not zoonotic
- Definitive Hosts (DH) are dogs, fox, coyote, and wolf, which are infected in the small intestine
- Gravid proglottids are passed in feces and ova are disseminated into the environment
- Rabbits or squirrels are intermediate hosts (IH)
- Cysticercus larvae (bladder worm) are found in the liver and mesenteries of rabbits and must be ingested by the definitive host to complete the life cycle
Taenia pisiformis Pathogenesis and Diagnosis
- There is no pathology associated with Taenia pisiformis, but there may be nutrient competition in malnourished hosts
- Clinical signs include segments presented by the client and dogs usually show no signs but may occasionally drag their tail
- Diagnosis is via segment squash where a rectangular segment and a single, spherical egg with a striated shell can be visualized
- Treatment is with Praziquantel (Droncit) at 5mg/kg, Pyrantel+Praziquantel+Febantel (Drontal Plus Tablets), Pyrantel+Praziquantel (Virbantel Flavored Chewables), Ivermectin+Pyrantel+Praziquantel (Iverhart Max Chewable Tablets), Epsiprantel (Cestex) at 5.5 mg/kg, or Fenbendazole (Panacur) at 50 mg/kg SID for 3 days
- Praziquantel & epsiprantel are the drugs of choice for tapeworms and infection can be prevented by restricting access to rabbits
Taenia taeniaformis
- Taenia taeniaformis is a large tapeworm of cats
- It has a scolex with a non-retractable armed rostellum and 4 suckers
- Its strobila is up to 2 feet long, made of rectangular proglottids with single irregularly alternating unilateral genital pores
- Taenia taeniaformis is worldwide and not zoonotic
- Cats and Lynx are the Definitive Hosts (DH) and are infected in the small intestine
- Gravid proglottids are passed in feces and ova are disseminated in the environment
- Rodents are the intermediate hosts (IH)
- Strobilocercus larvae are in the liver of rodents
- Completion of the life cycle requires the Definitive host to ingest the infected intermediate host
- There is no pathology associated with Taenia taeniaformis, but there may be nutrient competition in malnourished hosts
- One clinical sign is that "Client Worry" (proglottid aesthetics)
- Clinical signs entail the segments presented by a client, usually the animal showing no visual signs, but occasionally tail dragging, and a dietary history indicating a history of eating rodents
- Diagnosis is via segment squash with the observation of rectangular segments
- Treatment includes Praziquantel (Droncit), Pyrantel+Praziquantel (Drontal tablets), Emodepside+Praziquantel (Profender), Epsiprantel (Cestex), and Fenbendazole (Panacur)
Tapeworms Infecting Humans
- Tapeworms infecting humans include Hymenolepsis nana (dwarf tapeworm)
- Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
- Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
- Diphyllobothrium latum (broad fish tapeworm)
- Echinococcus granulosis (hydatid tapeworm)
Taenia saginata
- Taenia saginata is a beef tapeworm of humans
- It is worldwide
- The worm can be 24 to 75 ft long and survives "many years”
- As larval tapeworm, it can be found in cattle
- Humans are the definitive host (DH) as the worm infects the small intestine
- Gravid proglottids are passed in feces
- Cattle are the intermediate host (IH) and carry Cysticercus bovis (bladder worm) in their muscles, which is then ingested by the definitive host to complete the life cycle
- Pathology in humans includes proglottid aesthetics and nutrient competition in malnourished hosts
- In cattle there is Cysticercus bovis found in the muscle and heart, which can lead to beef condemnation ("Measly Beef")
- Diagnosis in humans is by finding tapeworms in feces
- Diagnosis in cattle is by finding Cysticercus bovis during slaughter
- Treatment in humans is with Niclosamide
- Treatment for cattle is Cysticercus bovis control measures
Taenia solium
- Taenia solium is a pork tapeworm of humans
- Control can be maintained by restricting human defecation in swine pastures and to restrict humans from eating raw pork
- USDA condemnation of "Measly pork"
- Follow USDA guidelines for cooking pork
- Larval pork tapeworm that is pathogenic and is the most important cause of neurologic DZ in Latin America
- Humans can be intermediate hosts with cysticerci in muscles, eyes, and the brain
- This can be caused by human ingesting ova from human feces, then cysticercosis
Echinococcus granulosus
- This is a minute tapeworm in canids with a sporadic distribution with larval tapeworms in various animals and humans
- It is a major zoonotic concern
- DH are dogs and wild canids and are infected in the small intestine
- Gravid proglottids are passed in feces
- IH are various ruminants and swine, including humans
- A hydatid cyst forms in various organs
- The cycle is completed by the Definitive host ingesting the intermediate host
- Canids see no pathology
- Varied in intermediate hosts and humans, organ damage and possible anaphylaxis from cysts rupturing
- Can be determined by tapeworm or Ova in feces, with Hydatid Cyst slaughter
- Treatment in canids include Praziquantel or Epsiprantel drugs
- Varied in intermediate hosts, drugs like Mebendazole or Albendazole may be used
- Good to restrict canine access, not feed uncooked offal, regular deworming and elimination of canons
- In Humans, infection occurs if Echinococcus ova from dog feces are ingested, can cause Hydatid Cyst
- Diagnosis in humans: CDC has ELISA test if humans contract two species of worms
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