Class 12 Biology: Biotechnology and Its Applications

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Questions and Answers

What is the use of biology to develop technologies and products for the welfare of human beings known as?

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology (correct)
  • Genetic engineering
  • Botany

What is the most important application of genetically modified organisms in agriculture?

  • Enhanced crop yield
  • Improved soil fertility
  • Formation of pest-resistant plants (correct)
  • Production of heat-resistant crops

Which bacterium produces a toxin with insecticidal activity, important for pest-resistant crops?

  • Escherichia coli
  • Bacillus thuringiensis (correct)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Salmonella typhimurium

Which of the following is NOT an application of biotechnology in agriculture?

<p>Fossil fuel production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be obtained by altering the genetic material of organisms?

<p>Genetically modified organisms (GMO) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an application of biotechnology in agriculture using genetically modified organisms?

<p>Fossil fuel extraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pests can Bt cotton provide resistance against?

<p>Lepidopterans, coleopterans, and dipterans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inserting the Bt toxin gene into cotton plants?

<p>To kill insects that damage the cotton plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNA interference technology in preventing yield loss in tobacco plants?

<p>Silencing a specific mRNA to prevent nematode infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main contribution of biotechnology to the medicine industry?

<p>Formation of genetically modified insulin for diabetes treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique helps in disease diagnosis through antigen and antibody reactions?

<p>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gene therapy used for?

<p>Correcting hereditary diseases by replacing abnormal genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first hereditary disease treated using gene therapy?

<p>Adenosine deaminase deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Bt toxin kill insects that enter the body of the insect?

<p>$\text{It binds to the midgut producing cells causing them to swell and eventually kills the insect}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provides pest resistance in Bt cotton?

<p>Complementary dsRNA molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a previous method used to treat Adenosine deaminase deficiency before gene therapy?

<p>Bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biotechnology

Use of biology to develop technologies and products for human welfare.

Pest-resistant plants

Genetically modified organisms designed to resist pests.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacterium that produces insecticidal toxin for pest-resistant crops.

GMO

Organisms with altered genetic material.

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Bt cotton

Cotton engineered to express Bt toxin for pest resistance.

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RNA interference

Technology that silences specific mRNA to prevent infections.

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Genetically modified insulin

Insulin produced using genetically engineered organisms for diabetes treatment.

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ELISA

Technique for disease diagnosis through antigen and antibody reactions.

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Gene therapy

Method used to correct hereditary diseases by replacing abnormal genes.

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Adenosine deaminase deficiency

First hereditary disease treated with gene therapy.

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Insect midgut

Part of the insect where Bt toxin binds and causes swelling.

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Complementary dsRNA

Molecules that provide pest resistance in Bt cotton.

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Bone marrow transplantation

Previous method to treat adenosine deaminase deficiency before gene therapy.

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Enzyme replacement therapy

Method that substitutes missing enzymes to treat genetic diseases.

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Lepidopterans, coleopterans, and dipterans

Types of pests that Bt cotton is resistant against.

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Pest resistance

Ability of plants to withstand pest attacks.

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Study Notes

Biotechnology Applications

  • Biotechnology is used to develop technologies and products for the welfare of human beings, known as biomedical applications.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in Agriculture

  • The most important application of GMOs in agriculture is pest resistance.
  • A bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), produces a toxin with insecticidal activity, important for pest-resistant crops.
  • Bt cotton provides resistance against lepidopteran pests.

Biotechnology in Agriculture

  • Inserting the Bt toxin gene into cotton plants prevents pest damage.
  • RNA interference technology helps in preventing yield loss in tobacco plants.
  • Biotechnology is not used for fertilizer production in agriculture.

Biotechnology in Medicine

  • The main contribution of biotechnology to the medicine industry is the development of diagnostic techniques and gene therapy.
  • The technique that helps in disease diagnosis through antigen and antibody reactions is immunoassay.
  • Gene therapy is used to treat genetic disorders.
  • The first hereditary disease treated using gene therapy was Adenosine deaminase deficiency.
  • Previously, Adenosine deaminase deficiency was treated using enzyme replacement therapy.

Bt Toxin Mechanism

  • The Bt toxin kills insects by forming a pore in the insect's gut, causing swelling and eventual death.
  • The Bt toxin provides pest resistance in Bt cotton.

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