Class 11 Physics: Units & Motion

Class 11 Physics

Units and Measurements

• Fundamental and Derived Units: Understand SI units, conversion between different systems.
• Measurement: Precision, accuracy, errors in measurement, significant figures.

Motion in a Straight Line

• Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration: Definitions and formulas.
• Equations of Motion: Derivation and application of equations for uniformly accelerated motion.

Motion in a Plane

• Vectors: Addition, subtraction, and multiplication of vectors.
• Projectile Motion: Characteristics, equations, and analysis of motion in two dimensions.

Laws of Motion

• Newton’s Laws: Concepts of force, inertia, action-reaction pairs.
• Friction: Types of friction, coefficient of friction, applications.

Work, Energy and Power

• Work Done: Definition and calculation.
• Kinetic and Potential Energy: Forms of energy, conservation of energy.
• Power: Definition and formulas.

System of Particles and Rotational Motion

• Centre of Mass: Definition, calculation for discrete systems.
• Torque and Angular Momentum: Definitions, calculations, conservation laws.

Gravitation

• Universal Law of Gravitation: Formula and implications.
• Orbits: Kepler’s laws and gravitational potential energy.

Properties of Bulk Matter

• Mechanical Properties: Stress, strain, elastic modulus.
• Thermal Properties: Heat transfer, specific heat, calorimetry.

Thermodynamics

• Laws of Thermodynamics: Zeroth, first, second laws, and their applications.
• Heat Engines: Efficiency and Carnot cycle.

Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

• Ideal Gas Laws: PV=nRT and its implications.
• Kinetic Theory: Molecular model, assumptions, and derivations.

Oscillations and Waves

• Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM): Characteristics, equations, energy in SHM.
• Waves: Types, properties, sound waves, and wave equation.

Class 12 Physics

Electrostatics

• Coulomb’s Law: Definition and vector form.
• Electric Field and Potential: Definition, calculations, and applications.

Current Electricity

• Ohm’s Law: Resistance, resistivity, and factors affecting resistance.
• Circuit Analysis: Series and parallel combinations, Kirchhoff's laws.

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

• Biot-Savart Law: Magnetic field due to current-carrying conductors.
• Ampere's Law: Applications and implications.

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

• Faraday’s Law: Induced EMF and Lenz’s Law.
• AC Circuits: Impedance, phase relations, resonance.

Optics

• Reflection and Refraction: Laws, lenses, and mirrors.
• Wave Optics: Interference, diffraction, and polarization.

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

• Photoelectric Effect: Einstein’s explanation and applications.
• De Broglie Hypothesis: Matter waves and implications.

Atoms and Nuclei

• Bohr Model of the Atom: Energy levels, spectral lines.
• Radioactivity: Types of decay, half-life, and nuclear reactions.

Electronic Devices

• Semiconductors: p-n junction, diodes, transistors.
• Applications: Logic gates, operational amplifiers.

Communication Systems

• Basic Components: Transmitter, receiver, modulation, and demodulation.
• Types of Modulation: AM, FM, and their applications.

Modern Physics

• Quantum Mechanics: Fundamental principles, uncertainty principle.
• Nuclear Physics: Structure of the nucleus, nuclear fission and fusion.

Units and Measurements

• Fundamental units form the basis of measurements in SI (International System of Units), such as meter, kilogram, and second.
• Derived units are formed from fundamental units, like Newton for force (kg·m/s²).
• Measurement precision and accuracy are critical; errors can be systematic or random.
• Significant figures indicate the precision of a measurement, guiding how results are reported.

Motion in a Straight Line

• Displacement measures the change in position, while velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
• Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
• Equations of motion for uniformly accelerated motion include ( v = u + at ) and ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 ).

Motion in a Plane

• Vectors represent quantities with both magnitude and direction; operations include addition (tip-to-tail method) and scalar multiplication.
• Projectile motion characterizes the trajectory of objects under gravity, analyzed via the equations for horizontal and vertical components.

Laws of Motion

• Newton’s first law states an object remains in uniform motion unless acted upon; the second law establishes the relation ( F = ma ); the third law posits that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Friction arises from interactions between surfaces; types include static, kinetic, and rolling. The coefficient of friction quantifies this interaction.

Work, Energy and Power

• Work done is the product of force and displacement in the direction of force (( W = F \cdot d )).
• Kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy (PE) represent energy due to motion and position, respectively; conservation of energy states that total energy remains constant.
• Power measures the rate of doing work or energy transfer, defined as ( P = \frac{W}{t} ).

System of Particles and Rotational Motion

• The center of mass is the point representing the average position of mass in a system, calculated using weighted averages.
• Torque (( \tau = r \times F )) measures the effectiveness of a force causing rotation; angular momentum (( L = I \omega )) includes the rotational inertia and angular velocity.

Gravitation

• The Universal Law of Gravitation states that every mass attracts every other mass with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers (( F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2} )).
• Orbits obey Kepler’s laws, describing planetary motion, and gravitational potential energy is given by ( U = -\frac{G m_1 m_2}{r} ).

Properties of Bulk Matter

• Mechanical properties include stress (force per unit area) and strain (deformation), with elastic modulus linking them.
• Thermal properties involve heat transfer through conduction, convection, and radiation, with specific heat relating to a substance's heat capacity.

Thermodynamics

• The four laws of thermodynamics describe energy conservation, including the zeroth law (thermal equilibrium), first law (internal energy change), second law (entropy increase), and third law (absolute zero).
• Heat engines convert thermal energy into mechanical work, characterized by efficiency calculations and the Carnot cycle as an idealized model.

Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

• Ideal gas laws express the relationship of pressure, volume, and temperature in gases (( PV = nRT )).
• Kinetic theory explains gas behavior through molecular models, including assumptions such as particles moving randomly and collisions being elastic.

Oscillations and Waves

• Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) involves periodic oscillation about an equilibrium position, characterized by equations of motion and energy conservation within oscillations.
• Waves are disturbances transferring energy; they can be categorized into mechanical (e.g., sound) and electromagnetic waves, with properties including wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.

Test your understanding of fundamental physics concepts from Class 11, including units and measurements, motion in straight lines and planes, laws of motion, and work, energy, and power. This quiz covers important definitions, equations, and principles crucial for mastering physics fundamentals.