Cladistics and Phylogenetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What defines a derived character in cladistics?

  • It is an ancient feature common to all species.
  • It is present in at least two species inherited from their most recent common ancestor. (correct)
  • It is not present in the most recent common ancestor.
  • It is present in all descendants of an ancestor.

Which term describes characters that are similar due to shared ancestry?

  • Homology (correct)
  • Polyphyly
  • Synapomorphy
  • Homoplasy

What is the principle of parsimony based on?

  • Maximum evolutionary changes.
  • Minimum number of transitions. (correct)
  • Total length of evolutionary trees.
  • Maximum likelihood and data accuracy.

Which group contains some but not all descendants of a common ancestor?

<p>Paraphyletic group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crown group in phylogeny?

<p>All descendants of the last common ancestor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a synapomorphy?

<p>A derived trait shared by multiple species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of homoplasy?

<p>The presence of wings in birds and bats. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT typically part of cladistic analysis?

<p>Minimum variance estimation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of a sister group refer to?

<p>Two taxa that have an immediate common ancestor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding outgroups?

<p>Outgroups help determine the primitive traits of a study group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Derived Character

A trait present in two or more species that evolved from their most recent common ancestor, but wasn't present in that ancestor's ancestor.

Homoplasy

Similar traits in different species that arise from different evolutionary paths. They are not due to a shared ancestor.

Homology

Similar traits between species that are inherited from a common ancestor.

Optimality Criterion

A method used to find the best possible phylogenetic tree by exploring different tree structures and evaluating their fitness.

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Parsimony

A method of building phylogenetic trees that favors the simplest explanation - the tree with the fewest evolutionary changes.

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Outgroup

A species or group known to have an older common ancestor than the other species being studied.

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Synapomorphy

Shared derived characteristics found in two or more species.

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Autapomorphy

A unique derived characteristic found in only one species.

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Pleiomorphy

A primitive trait found in all species within a group.

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Cladistic Analysis

A method for reconstructing evolutionary relationships by analyzing the presence or absence of traits and their changes.

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