Untitled Quiz

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of forming a hypothesis in the scientific method?

  • To make a prediction based on existing knowledge (correct)
  • To summarize the results of an experiment
  • To document observations made during the research
  • To provide a definitive answer to the research question

Which statement correctly defines the term 'model organism'?

  • A species used to understand biological processes in various fields of research (correct)
  • An organism that does not share characteristics with other species
  • A non-representative species that cannot be studied in a lab
  • A type of organism exclusively used in public health studies

What is one key limitation of scientific inquiry?

  • It relies on outdated technologies
  • It cannot answer all questions about the natural world (correct)
  • It depends solely on qualitative data
  • It always leads to conclusive results

Which of the following is a feature of reliable scientific information?

<p>It is peer-reviewed and replicable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do scientists mean by 'correlation does not equal causation'?

<p>Associated changes between variables do not imply one causes the other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three parts of the cell theory?

<p>All cells have the same structure and function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these biomolecules is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?

<p>Nucleic acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes prokaryotic cells?

<p>They lack a membrane-bound nucleus and are typically smaller (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason that cells reproduce?

<p>To replace damaged or dead cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscope is most suitable for observing the surface details of cells?

<p>Stereo microscope. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a malignant tumor compared to a benign tumor?

<p>Malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur, contributing to genetic variation?

<p>Prophase I. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cell cycle checkpoints primarily monitor?

<p>DNA integrity and proper cell division. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the reproduction of bacteria?

<p>Binary fission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes somatic cells in comparison to gametes?

<p>Somatic cells make up most of the body's tissues, while gametes are reproductive cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cell cycle proteins influence cancer initiation?

<p>Mutations in cell cycle proteins can lead to unregulated cell division. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason the influenza vaccine does not protect against all illnesses identified as 'flu'?

<p>Influenza can be caused by multiple different viruses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a genotype?

<p>The genetic makeup of an individual. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a major type of vaccine?

<p>Homemade viral extracts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do DNA repair enzymes primarily protect cells?

<p>They help repair DNA damage caused by UV light. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of heredity, what is a dominant allele?

<p>An allele that is always expressed if present. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

<p>It allows for the exchange of genetic information between chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes an observable characteristic of an organism?

<p>Phenotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?

<p>They target specific bacterial cell walls. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does independent assortment during meiosis contribute to the inheritance of traits specified by genes on different chromosomes?

<p>It allows for random combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference in the phenotypes of heterozygotes under incomplete dominance compared to complete dominance?

<p>Heterozygotes exhibit a blend of both alleles' phenotypes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of pleiotropy?

<p>A single gene affecting multiple traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which correctly defines a sex-linked trait?

<p>A trait associated with genes located on sex chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are lethal dominant genes rarer than lethal recessive genes?

<p>Lethal dominant genes can cause death before reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about tumor suppressor genes is accurate?

<p>They regulate the cell cycle and prevent uncontrolled growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of multifactorial diseases?

<p>They involve both genetic and environmental factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes spontaneous cancers from hereditary cancers?

<p>Spontaneous cancers arise from non-inherited mutations, while hereditary cancers are inherited. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Chargaff make to the understanding of DNA?

<p>He established the base-pairing rules for DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term ‘semi-conservative replication’ refer to in DNA replication?

<p>Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure and properties of DNA?

<p>Double-stranded, complementary, and antiparallel. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of telomeres during DNA replication?

<p>To protect chromosome ends from degradation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a locus?

<p>The physical location of a gene on a chromosome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the 'end-replication problem' in linear chromosomes?

<p>The inability of DNA polymerase to replicate the very end of linear DNA strands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the difference between coding and non-coding DNA?

<p>Coding DNA contains genes that are expressed, while non-coding DNA does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do short tandem repeats (STRs) contribute to forensic investigations?

<p>STRs allow for the establishment of genetic profiles by comparing fragment lengths. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are part of the transcription process in eukaryotic cells?

<p>RNA polymerase, promoter, transcription factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the genetic code?

<p>It is universally redundant and unambiguous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does translation occur in prokaryotic cells?

<p>In the cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is a substitution mutation classified as?

<p>Point mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can epigenetic modifications affect gene expression?

<p>Through changes in chromatin structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tRNA in translation?

<p>To bring amino acids to the ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What step is NOT a major point of regulation in gene expression?

<p>Ribosome assembly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the basic structure of proteins?

<p>Proteins consist of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein and thus determines a trait.

Allele

One of the different forms of a gene that can exist at a given locus.

Dominant/Recessive Alleles

Dominant alleles mask the effect of recessive alleles in heterozygotes; recessive alleles are only expressed when homozygous.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that halves the chromosome number, producing gametes (sperm and egg) with one allele per gene.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Virus

A microscopic infectious agent that needs a host cell to replicate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vaccine

A biological preparation that improves immunity against a specific disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Punnett Square

A grid used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA Repair Enzymes

Enzymes that fix damaged DNA; crucial for maintaining cell health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to understanding the natural world, involving observations, questions, hypotheses, predictions, experiments, and conclusions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Correlation vs. Causation

Correlation shows a relationship between two things, but doesn't prove one causes the other. Causation means one thing directly causes a change in another.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Theory

The theory that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Model Organism

A species chosen for research because it is easy to study and can help understand processes in other species, including humans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Characteristics of Life

The fundamental properties exhibited by all living organisms, including reproduction, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, and energy processing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hierarchical Classification

The organization of life from broad categories (domains) to specific ones (species), providing a framework for understanding relationships between organisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Public Health

The science and practice of protecting and improving the health of communities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microscopes for cell observation

Different microscopes (stereo, light, fluorescence, electron) are used to view different cell structures due to variations in magnification, resolution and interaction with light or electrons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell reproduction reasons

Cells reproduce for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction, producing new cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell cycle regulation

The cell cycle (process of growth and division) has checkpoints to assure DNA replication and prevent errors. This tight regulation is crucial for accurate duplication and successful division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cancer as uncontrolled cell growth

Cancer is caused by uncontrolled or unregulated cell reproduction, often due to mutations in genes that control cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Benign vs. malignant tumors

Benign tumors are localized and don't spread, while malignant tumors invade and spread to other tissues, which is crucial in the development and metastasis of cancer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Haploid vs. Diploid cells

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells have two sets. This difference is crucial for sexual reproduction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells reproduction

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually via binary fission, while eukaryotes reproduce asexually (mitosis) and sexually (meiosis).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mitotic cell cycle phases

The mitotic cell cycle has two primary phases (interphase and mitosis) that govern cell growth and subsequent cell separation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Independent Assortment

Genes on different chromosomes segregate independently during meiosis, resulting in the random combinations of alleles in offspring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Complete Dominance

In heterozygotes, one allele completely masks the effect of the other. Only the dominant allele's phenotype is visible.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sex-Linked Traits

Traits determined by genes located on sex chromosomes (X or Y).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lethal Dominant Genes

Dominant genes that cause death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multifactorial Diseases

Diseases caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that regulate cell growth and division, preventing uncontrolled cell growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oncogenes

Genes that, when mutated, can cause cancer by encouraging cell division and growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coding Sequence

The portion of a gene that contains the instructions for building a protein. It's like the recipe for a protein, specifying the order of amino acids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Regulatory Sequence

DNA segments that control when and how much a gene is expressed. They act like switches turning the gene on or off.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transcription

The process of copying DNA's genetic information into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. It's like making a photocopied blueprint of the recipe.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Translation

The process of reading the mRNA code to assemble amino acids into a protein. It's like using the photocopied blueprint to construct the protein.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Point Mutation

A change in a single DNA base pair, like a typo in the recipe. This can change the protein's amino acid sequence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chromosomal Mutation

A larger change in the DNA, like a whole paragraph being deleted or rearranged. It can significantly alter the protein.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epigenetics

Changes in gene expression that are not caused by alterations in the DNA sequence. It's like putting sticky notes on the recipe to change how it's used.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Planarian Regeneration

The ability of planarians to regrow lost body parts, similar to a lizard regrowing its tail. It's like a living puzzle that can be put back together.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chargaff's Rules

Empirically determined DNA base ratios: A=T and G=C. These rules were critical in understanding DNA structure and replication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Watson-Crick Model

The double helix structure of DNA, where two antiparallel strands are linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T and G-C).

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA Replication

The process by which a DNA molecule is copied, creating two identical DNA molecules. This is crucial for cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semi-conservative Replication

Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. This ensures accurate replication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coding vs. Non-coding DNA

Coding DNA (genes) contains instructions for protein synthesis. Non-coding DNA regulates gene expression and may have other functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

End-replication Problem

During DNA replication, the ends of linear chromosomes shorten as the DNA polymerase cannot fully replicate the final segment. This leads to gradual chromosome shortening during cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Telomeres

Repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect the coding regions from shortening due to the end-replication problem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Telomerase

An enzyme that adds telomeres to the ends of chromosomes, effectively counteracting the end-replication problem. Its activation in cancer cells leads to unlimited cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Quiz 1

  • What is science? Science is a systematic method of acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation, and testing hypotheses.
  • Scientific Method: The scientific method involves observations, forming questions, developing hypotheses, making predictions, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. Independent variables are manipulated, dependent variables are measured, and controlled variables are kept constant.
  • Limitations of scientific inquiry: Scientific inquiry is limited by the variables that can be measured, or controlled. Incomplete or conflicting data can lead to limitations in experimental design and interpretations. Understanding the limitations of inquiry helps scientists improve their methods and understand changing perspectives over time.
  • Reliable scientific information: Reliable scientific information is validated using peer-reviewed processes, rigorous experimental design, reproducibility of results, and consensus among experts.
  • Correlation vs. Causation: Correlation does not imply causation. Correlation merely indicates a statistical association between variables, not a cause-and-effect relationship.
  • Public health: Public health focuses on promoting health and preventing disease in communities. Examples include immunization programs, public health campaigns on smoking or nutrition, and preventative measures against contagious diseases.
  • Characteristics of Life: The major characteristics of life include maintaining homeostasis, reproduction, adaptation, and responsiveness to the environment, as well as energy use, cell structure and function.
  • Cell Theory: The cell theory posits that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
  • Cell Components: All cells share four main structural components: cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material (DNA).
  • Model Organism: A model organism is a species chosen for research because it is easy to study, is a good representation of other species, and/or has similar traits to those being studied.
  • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells possess both.
  • Hierarchical Classification: Life is classified into domains, then kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The six kingdoms are Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
  • Chemical Components: Cells are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
  • Water Properties: Water's properties include its polarity, cohesion, adhesion, and high specific heat.
  • Biomolecules: The four main biomolecules of cells are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each type has distinct monomers/polymers, structures, and functions within cells. (Examples of each type and their roles are not fully detailed, only mentioned.)

Quiz 2

  • Cellular Structures: Different organelles have unique structures and functions within cells.
  • Classification: Organisms are classified using a hierarchical system based on shared characteristics: Kingdom–Phylum–Class–Order–Family–Genus–Species.
  • Microscopes: Microscopes (e.g. stereo, compound light, fluorescence, electron) allow for observation of cells and cellular structures at different magnifications.
  • Cell Reproduction: Cells reproduce for growth, repair, and reproduction of an organism.
  • Cancer: Cancer is associated with uncontrolled cell division. Benign versus malignant characterizes differences in growth traits.
  • Signal Transduction: Signal transduction is a process allowing cells to communicate; this communication is vital for coordination and regulation of processes in an organism.
  • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Reproduction: Prokaryotic cells reproduce by binary fission, while eukaryotic cells utilize mitosis and/or meiosis for cell division and replication. This differs significantly in terms of cell structure and processes involved.
  • Bacteria Reproduction: Bacteria reproduce via binary fission, a process involving simple cell division.
  • Cell Cycle: The cell cycle includes phases like interphase (G1, S, G2) and the mitotic phase (Mitosis/Cytokinesis). Each phase has specific tasks related to cell replication.
  • Mitosis: Mitosis has distinct steps (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) essential for chromosomal separation.
  • Cytokinesis: Cytokinesis involves cell division, or physical barrier separation, post-mitosis. Animal versus plant cells exhibit differences in this step.

Quiz 3

  • Cell Cycle Regulation: The cell cycle is tightly regulated by checkpoints and proteins to prevent uncontrolled cell division.
  • Checkpoints: Checkpoints at various stages of the cell cycle ensure proper progression and halt it when errors exist.
  • Cancer Initiation/Progression: Errors in cell cycle proteins can lead to cancer initiation and progression.
  • Chromosomes: Chromosomes are the structures that organize and house genetic information (DNA). Terminology distinctions between autosomes and sex chromosomes should be understood.
  • Meiosis: Meiosis is a specialized cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell; these processes lead to genetic variation
  • Genetic Variation: Genetic variation exists in sexually reproducing organisms due to events in meiosis.
  • Cancer Terms: Defining key terms like benign, malignant, tumor, metastasis are important.
  • Cell Reproduction and Cancer: Uncontrolled cell reproduction & invasion leads to progression in cancer cells.
  • Viruses: Understanding virus structure and infection cycles are essential to this subject.
  • Cancer Development: Certain viruses can promote cancer development.
  • HPV and Cancer: Human papillomavirus is an example of a virus that can contribute to cancer development by interfering with cell cycle checkpoints.
  • Vaccines: Vaccines use pathogen parts, killed pathogens, or blueprints for immunity generation, to protect against disease. The specific mechanisms and types of vaccines should be understood.
  • Tumor Suppressors/Oncogenes: Tumor suppressors help control cell division, while oncogenes promote cell division. Understanding the role each plays in cancer is crucial.
  • Data Analysis: Interpreting and presenting data is also important.

Quiz 4

  • Cancer Treatments: Cancer treatments currently involve surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Treatments can differ based on specific patient factors.
  • Treatment Advantages/Disadvantage: Treatments may be beneficial in some cases or inappropriate for others, depending on situation and effectiveness. Potential toxicities or limitations should be considered.
  • Cell Cycle Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy often works by interfering with the cell cycle of cancerous cells, while minimizing effect on healthy cells. How these agents impact the cell cycle is a crucial concept.
  • Health Disparities: Health disparities in cancer, including treatment delays and other disparities, stem from environmental and systemic factors.
  • System Racism: Social factors are influential in cancer effects. Systemic issues can have detrimental effects.
  • Terms: Key gene, allele, mutation, trait definitions, and concepts like dominant vs recessive will be useful here and can improve understanding.

Quiz 5

  • Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis in sexual reproduction introduces genetic diversity in offspring. Identical twins and related topics to consider.
  • Vaccines: Vaccines utilize different approaches to generate immunity.
  • Antibiotics: These are helpful for bacterial infections but aren't effective against viruses. Understanding this distinction is important.
  • DNA Repair Enzymes: These enzymes are crucial to the cell's ability to protect against and fix errors in DNA.
  • UV Damage: Exposure to UV light can cause DNA damage, potentially leading to problems and disease.
  • Sunscreen: Sunscreen components can help protect cells from UV damage, thereby mitigating potential risks.
  • Genetics Terminology: (e.g. gene, allele, mutation, locus, trait, homozygous/heterozygous, dominant/recessive, phenotype/genotype)
  • Punnett Squares: Using a Punnett square can help predict and explain the likely outcome of genetic crosses.
  • Independent Assortment: This process, during meiosis, contributes to genetic variation by allowing genes on different chromosomes to be sorted independently during gamete formation.

Quiz 6

  • Inheritance Patterns: Different types of inheritance patterns exist (e.g. dominant, recessive) and some patterns related to inheritance are more common than others based on related genes.
  • Multifactorial Diseases: Multifactorial diseases involve both genetic predispositions and environmental factors.
  • Cancer Types: Understanding different types of cancers and the related genetic mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. The direct versus indirect role these genes have in causing cancer.
  • Pedigree Analysis: Pedigrees can be used to track inheritance patterns and to determine probabilities for future offspring.
  • Cancer Genetics: Knowing about tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes is crucial to understanding the mechanisms causing cancer.

Quiz 7

  • DNA/RNA/Protein: Explaining the relationship between DNA, RNA and proteins and how the sequence of DNA influences the structure and function of proteins. Understand the flow of genetic information and how it is expressed.
  • Mutations: Explain how large chromosomal changes and point mutations can affect cells' functionality, and explain the potential effects of these changes.
  • Gene Expression: Explain how regulation of gene expression affects cellular diversity. Define and explain epigenetic modifications.
  • Capillary Electrophoresis: These methods are used to separate different fragments of DNA. Data interpretation is an important analytical component of this process.
  • Allele Frequencies Calculations: Being able to calculate the frequencies from data is a critical component of genetic analysis.

Quiz 8

  • Epigenetics and Identical Twins: Epigenetics are factors that influence gene expression, often influencing outcomes during a lifespan despite inherited genes being identical.
  • Planarian Regeneration: Planaria are organisms known for their ability to regenerate.
  • Regeneration Modeling: Planarian regeneration and similar models can help understand factors related to cell division and development and the role of similar regeneration processes across vastly different life forms.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

LDI Final Study Guide PDF

More Like This

Untitled Quiz
37 questions

Untitled Quiz

WellReceivedSquirrel7948 avatar
WellReceivedSquirrel7948
Untitled Quiz
55 questions

Untitled Quiz

StatuesquePrimrose avatar
StatuesquePrimrose
Untitled Quiz
19 questions

Untitled Quiz

WellRunHydrogen avatar
WellRunHydrogen
Untitled Quiz
50 questions

Untitled Quiz

JoyousSulfur avatar
JoyousSulfur
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser