Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is classified as a macronutrient?
Which of the following is classified as a macronutrient?
What is the main role of micronutrients in the diet?
What is the main role of micronutrients in the diet?
Which nutrient yields the highest energy per gram?
Which nutrient yields the highest energy per gram?
What can contribute to malnutrition?
What can contribute to malnutrition?
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Which nutrient is considered inorganic?
Which nutrient is considered inorganic?
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Which vitamin classification represents organic nutrients?
Which vitamin classification represents organic nutrients?
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What is a common function of proteins?
What is a common function of proteins?
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What is a potential benefit of following a good nutrition plan?
What is a potential benefit of following a good nutrition plan?
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What is the primary focus of the science of nutrition?
What is the primary focus of the science of nutrition?
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Which of the following best describes essential nutrients?
Which of the following best describes essential nutrients?
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What are macronutrients primarily needed for?
What are macronutrients primarily needed for?
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How many essential nutrients are currently known to be critical for humans?
How many essential nutrients are currently known to be critical for humans?
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What is the role of water in nutrition?
What is the role of water in nutrition?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding nonessential nutrients?
Which of the following statements is true regarding nonessential nutrients?
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Which of the following correctly applies to the definition of diet?
Which of the following correctly applies to the definition of diet?
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Which field of study forms the foundation of the science of nutrition?
Which field of study forms the foundation of the science of nutrition?
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What does a 24-hour urine collection specifically measure regarding muscle turnover?
What does a 24-hour urine collection specifically measure regarding muscle turnover?
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What are the two main types of malnutrition?
What are the two main types of malnutrition?
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What can result from overnutrition?
What can result from overnutrition?
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The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are primarily used for what purpose?
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are primarily used for what purpose?
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Which condition is most likely to occur due to undernutrition?
Which condition is most likely to occur due to undernutrition?
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What is indicated by the term 'malnutrition'?
What is indicated by the term 'malnutrition'?
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Which term describes the lowest continuing intake of a nutrient that maintains adequacy?
Which term describes the lowest continuing intake of a nutrient that maintains adequacy?
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What health issue arises from being extremely thin due to insufficient nutrient intake?
What health issue arises from being extremely thin due to insufficient nutrient intake?
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What classification can BMI help determine for a client?
What classification can BMI help determine for a client?
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Which measurement is considered the most practical indicator of central obesity?
Which measurement is considered the most practical indicator of central obesity?
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What is an 'apple' body type characterized by in relation to waist-to-hip ratio?
What is an 'apple' body type characterized by in relation to waist-to-hip ratio?
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Which of the following is NOT a technique used in nutritional assessment?
Which of the following is NOT a technique used in nutritional assessment?
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What type of data is included in the historical information for a nutrition assessment?
What type of data is included in the historical information for a nutrition assessment?
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Which laboratory analysis is useful for determining the actual level of nutrients in relation to expected levels?
Which laboratory analysis is useful for determining the actual level of nutrients in relation to expected levels?
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What is the primary purpose of biochemical laboratory tests in nutrition assessment?
What is the primary purpose of biochemical laboratory tests in nutrition assessment?
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Which of the following components is included in a comprehensive nutritional assessment?
Which of the following components is included in a comprehensive nutritional assessment?
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What does RDA stand for in nutrient recommendations?
What does RDA stand for in nutrient recommendations?
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Which of the following defines Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)?
Which of the following defines Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)?
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What is the primary purpose of establishing Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)?
What is the primary purpose of establishing Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)?
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When are Adequate Intakes (AI) set instead of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)?
When are Adequate Intakes (AI) set instead of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)?
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Which of these is NOT a part of the Dietary Reference Intakes?
Which of these is NOT a part of the Dietary Reference Intakes?
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What does a higher RDA compared to EAR imply?
What does a higher RDA compared to EAR imply?
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For which group are Dietary Reference Intakes primarily established?
For which group are Dietary Reference Intakes primarily established?
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Which term refers to nutrient levels that are adequate to meet individual dietary needs but may potentially exceed average requirements?
Which term refers to nutrient levels that are adequate to meet individual dietary needs but may potentially exceed average requirements?
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What is a key consideration when assessing nutritional needs?
What is a key consideration when assessing nutritional needs?
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Which component makes up the largest percentage of the human body composition?
Which component makes up the largest percentage of the human body composition?
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Which step is NOT part of the nutritional assessment process?
Which step is NOT part of the nutritional assessment process?
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What is BMI used to assess?
What is BMI used to assess?
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In a nutritional assessment, anthropometric data primarily includes which measurements?
In a nutritional assessment, anthropometric data primarily includes which measurements?
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Which of the following is NOT a role of a registered dietitian?
Which of the following is NOT a role of a registered dietitian?
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What does a comprehensive nutritional assessment analyze?
What does a comprehensive nutritional assessment analyze?
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Which factor is NOT considered in evaluating a person’s nutrition status?
Which factor is NOT considered in evaluating a person’s nutrition status?
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Study Notes
Human Nutrition: Introduction to Nutrition
- Nutrition is the science of foods, nutrients, and other substances within the body. This includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism, and excretion.
- Nutrition is based on the food requirements of humans for energy, growth, maintenance, reproduction, and lactation.
- Foods are products derived from plants or animals that provide energy and nutrients for life.
- A diet is the sum of all foods and beverages a person consumes.
- The science of nutrition is the study of nutrients and other substances in food and how the body processes them. It draws on biology, biochemistry, and physiology.
- Nutrients are chemical substances obtained from food used for energy, structuring materials, and regulating agents. They support the growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues, and may reduce the risk of certain diseases.
Definitions
- Foods: Plant and animal products taken into the body for energy and nutrient maintenance and tissue repair.
- Diet: The foods and beverages a person eats and drinks.
- Science of Nutrition: The study of nutrients and other substances in foods, and the body's mechanisms for handling them.
Nutrients
- Nutrients are chemical substances from food used for energy, structural materials, and regulating agents in the body. They promote growth, maintenance, and tissue repair, and potentially reduce the risk of disease.
Major Groups of Foods
- Nutrients categorize foods into: carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water.
Nutrients: Essential or Nonessential
- Essential Nutrients: The body cannot create enough of these nutrients for bodily functions and needs to be obtained from food. There are about 40 essential nutrients for humans. Water is the most important one.
- Nonessential Nutrients: The body can produce these nutrients in adequate amounts if lacking in the diet.
Nutrients: Macronutrients or Micronutrients
- Macronutrients: Needed in large amounts (grams) daily. Examples: protein, carbohydrates, lipids and water.
- Micronutrients: Needed in small amounts (milligrams or micrograms) daily. Examples: vitamins and minerals.
Nutrients: Organic v. Inorganic
- Organic nutrients: Contain carbon. Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins.
- Inorganic nutrients: Do not contain carbon. Examples: minerals and water.
The Six Classes of Nutrients
| Nutrient | Organic | Inorganic | Energy-yielding | Macronutrient | Micronutrient |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Lipids (fats) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Proteins | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Vitamins | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Minerals | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Water | ✓ | ✓ |
Energy-Yielding Nutrients
- Macronutrients are the primary source of energy in the body.
- Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/gram
- Protein: 4 kcal/gram
- Fats: 9 kcal/gram
- Alcohol provides 7 kcal/gram, but it is not considered a nutrient.
Good Nutrition
- Contributes to overall good health.
- Prevents chronic conditions and diseases.
- Meets energy needs.
- Promotes a sense of well-being.
- Imbalance of nutrients can lead to malnutrition.
Why is Nutrition Important?
- Essential for growth, development, and health and wellbeing.
- Prevents future health issues and extends life.
- Nutritional status is determined by diet.
Nutritional Needs
- Based on life stage, health conditions, cultural/religious preferences, and genetics.
- Important for disease prevention and health promotion.
Human Body Composition
- Reference chemical composition for men (70kg) and women(60kg)
- Protein (20% v. 18%)
- Minerals (6% v. 6%)
- Water (60% v. 50%)
- CHO & Others(1% v. 1%)
- Fat (13% v. 25%)
Role of Registered Dieticians
- Complete comprehensive nutritional assessments.
- Write nutritional diagnoses.
- Plan interventions.
- Monitor client or family response to the nutritional plan.
Nutritional Assessment
- A comprehensive analysis of a person's nutritional status.
- Historical information (health status, diet history, drug use, family history)
- Anthropometric data (height, weight, BMI, etc.)
- Physical examinations (signs of malnutrition and other health conditions).
- Laboratory tests (blood and urine tests to look for nutrient deficiencies, imbalances)
Anthropometric Data
- Measures used to assess nutrition status and patterns.
- Height
- Weight
- BMI (Body Mass Index)
- Growth charts (comparing children with typical growth)
- Skinfold measurements
- Circumference measurements (waist circumference).
Body Mass Index (BMI)
- A measure of body weight relative to height, expressed as weight (kg) / height (m)2.
- Used to classify individuals as underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese.
BMI Considerations
- Frame size
- Muscle mass
- Alternative measures for people with disabilities who have issues with height measurement.
Growth Indicators
- Used for children:
- Length/height for age
- Weight for age
- Weight for length/height
- BMI for age (comparing to growth charts).
Methods of determining body composition and fat distribution
- Skinfold measurements
- Circumference measurements (waist circumference)
Waist Circumference
- A practical indicator of fat distribution and central obesity.
- Men >40 inches (>102 cm)
- Women >35 inches (>88 cm)
BMI Classifications
- Underweight (<18.5 BMI)
- Healthy weight (18.5-24.9 BMI)
- Overweight (25-29.9 BMI)
- Pre-obese (30-34.9 BMI)
- Obese class 1 (35-39.9 BMI)
- Obese class 3 (>40 BMI)
Waist-to-Hip Ratio
- Dividing waist measurement by hip measurement.
- "Apple" body type: Ratio > 1.0
- "Pear" body type: Ratio < 0.8
Nutritional Assessment Types and Measurement
- Abdominal girth measurement (fluid retention and abdominal organs size)
- Height-weight (assess nutrition status and growth)
- Head circumference (brain growth and development)
- Skin-fold (subcutaneous and total body fat)
- Waist circumference (body fat distribution)
Laboratory Tests
- Samples of blood or urine to see if the body has imbalances in nutrients or deficiencies before symptoms appear. - Analyzing blood for the current level of nutrients in relation to typical values (like vitamin B12 or folate in blood cells). - Monitoring urine excretion of water-soluble nutrients. - 24-hour urine collection to check protein intake.
Laboratory Value
- Only a fraction of the overall data
Nutritional Assessment Application
- Detailed picture of dietary intake and nutritional status of a population.
- Monitoring consumption patterns and disease relations through surveillance
Stages in the Development of Nutrient Deficiency
- Primary Deficiency: Inadequate intake.
- Secondary Deficiency: Problems within the body.
- Subclinical/Declining Stages: Nutrient stores diminish and potentially disruptive functions occur in the body.
- Overt Stage: Physical symptoms and signs.
Malnutrition
- Insufficient, excessive, or unbalanced nutrient consumption.
- Can cause undernutrition or overnutrition.
Undernutrition and Overnutrition
-
Undernutrition: Inadequate energy or nutrient intake.
- Symptoms: Extreme thinness, poor wound healing, muscle loss, impaired immunity.
-
Overnutrition: Excess energy or nutrient intake.
- Symptoms: Obesity, high cholesterol, heart disease, diabetes.
Undernutrition: A Global Challenge
- A prevalent health problem.
- Can weaken the immune system, even in milder cases.
- Can increase the risk of certain diseases in developed countries.
Forms of Malnutrition
- Stunting (too short for age)
- Wasting (too thin for height)
- Obesity (overweight)
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
- Set of nutrient intake values for people in the US and Canada.
- Used for planning and assessing diets. Includes: Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intakes (Al) and tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL).
Setting Nutrient Recommendations: RDA and AI
- RDA: Daily nutrient amounts required by almost all healthy individuals at specific life stages and gender groups.
- AI: Daily intake amounts when insufficient scientific evidence to set EAR or RDA.
Facilitating Nutrition Research and Policy: EAR
- EAR: Average daily amounts of nutrients that half of the healthy population in a specific age and category require to meet needs.
EAR and RDA Compared
- RDA is set above the EAR to meet the needs of a larger portion of the population, for practical needs
Establishing Safety Guidelines: UL
- UL: Highest average daily nutrient intake likely to pose no toxicity risk for individuals at certain life stages.
Using Nutrient Recommendations
- Safe and sufficient amounts, not minimum, reflect average intakes over time, and designed for healthy people.
Inaccurate vs. Accurate View of Nutrient Intakes
- How to interpret intake levels in relation to RDA, EAR and UL
Establishing Energy Recommendations: EER
- EER: Average dietary energy intake for maintenance of energy balance and healthy body weight with consideration for physical activity level.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)
- Ranges of intakes for the energy yielding nutrients.
- Carbohydrates 45-65%
- Fats 20-35%
- Protein 10-35%
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