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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the thymus in the lymphatic system?
Erythropoietin is produced in the liver and stimulates red blood cell production.
False
What type of cells are produced in the bone marrow during hematopoiesis?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Platelets are fragments of __________ produced in the bone marrow.
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Match each component with its role in erythropoiesis:
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Which organ is responsible for sequestering and destroying aging platelets?
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Blood cells are continually produced in all types of bones in the body.
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What are the two main types of lymphoid organs?
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What is the primary function of erythrocytes (RBC)?
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Platelets play a crucial role in fighting infections.
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What is the composition of the buffy coat in blood?
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The major component of osmotic pressure in plasma is __________.
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Match the following blood components with their functions:
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Which plasma protein functions primarily as a carrier molecule?
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Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
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What are the types of leukocytes included in the buffy coat?
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What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?
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Platelets are primarily involved in the removal of waste products from cellular metabolism.
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What is the process of red blood cell formation called?
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The primary site of lymphocyte production is the ______.
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Which component of blood is responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure?
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Match the following components of blood with their functions:
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Hemoglobin synthesis occurs primarily in the lymphoid organs.
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What are the two main types of blood cell production?
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Study Notes
Primary Lymphoid Organs
- Thymus is where T cells mature.
- Bone marrow is where T and B cells are produced.
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
- Spleen acts as a blood reserve and phagocytizes old blood cells.
- Lymph nodes serve as "check stops" for immunity, housing macrophages.
Hematopoiesis
- Blood cell production takes place in the bone marrow.
- Not all bones contain active marrow.
- Stem cells differentiate into erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Development of Platelets
- Fragments of megakaryocytes produced in the bone marrow.
- Thrombopoietin (TPO) produced by the liver regulates platelet levels.
- Platelets circulate for 10 days before losing functionality.
- Spleen removes aging platelets through phagocytosis.
Development of WBCs
- Leukocytes originate from stem cells in the bone marrow.
- Stored in the thymus and lymph nodes.
- Their production increases during infection, steroid presence, and reduced bone marrow reserves.
Development of RBCs
- Erythropoiesis is the development of RBCs.
- Erythroblasts in bone marrow mature into erythrocytes stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO).
- EPO production is controlled by a feedback loop.
- Increased erythropoietin production by the kidney occurs under hypoxic conditions.
- EPO promotes increased red blood cell production and release from bone marrow.
Hemoglobin Synthesis
- Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein within erythrocytes.
- Composed of two pairs of polypeptide chains (Globins) and four heme groups.
- Each heme molecule carries one oxygen molecule.
Nutritional Requirements for RBCs and Hemoglobin
- Proteins, specifically amino acids, are essential for RBC production.
- Vitamins B12, B6, B2, E, and C, folate, pantothenic acid, and niacin are also crucial.
- Folate deficiency is common and can occur rapidly.
- Supplements are prescribed to pregnant women to prevent anemia and neural tube defects in infants.
- Minerals like iron (for hemoglobin) and copper are necessary for RBC production.
- Deficiency in these components can slow erythrocyte production, leading to anemia.
Iron Cycle
- Total body iron is bound to heme, muscle cells, or stored bound to ferritin.
Blood Plasma
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Plasma (55%) comprises
- Proteins: Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin
- Water: acts as a solvent for various components.
Cellular Components of Blood
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Cellular Components (45%)
- Erythrocytes: Transport oxygen throughout the body.
- Buffy Coat (<2%): Contains platelets and leukocytes.
- Platelets: Essential for blood coagulation and bleeding control.
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Leukocytes:
- Neutrophils: First responders for early inflammation.
- Eosinophils: Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
- Basophils: Contain histamine; released during wound healing.
- Lymphocytes: Mediate the adaptive immune response.
- Monocytes: Involved in phagocytosis.
Plasma Proteins
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Albumin:
- Major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure.
- Functions as a carrier molecule.
- Plays a key role in drawing fluid back into the intravascular space (maintains oncotic pressure).
- Decreased production (cirrhosis) or excessive loss (kidney disease) leads to reduced oncotic pressure, resulting in fluid movement into tissues and decreased blood volume (ascites and edema).
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Globulins:
- Include antibodies (immunoglobulins) and transport proteins.
- Carry proteins and immunoglobulins throughout the body.
Functions of the Hematological System
- Delivery of substances vital for cellular metabolism (oxygen via RBCs).
- Removal of metabolic waste products (CO2).
- Defense against microorganisms and injury (WBCs).
- Maintenance of acid-base balance.
- Blood clotting (clotting factors and platelets).
Nursing 302 Learning Objectives
- Define the components of blood.
- Discuss diagnostic tests used to identify red blood cell disorders.
- Differentiate between various types of anemia.
- Explain the pathophysiology of hematological disorders.
- Recognize common white blood cell and lymphatic disorders.
- Discuss diagnostic tests used to identify white blood cell disorders.
- Interpret altered hematological laboratory values.
- Identify the causative factors, clinical manifestations, and complications of platelet disorders.
- Discuss the medical treatment of common blood disorders.
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