Structure + Fn of the Hemotological System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the thymus in the lymphatic system?

  • Maturation of B cells
  • Production of red blood cells
  • Storage of megakaryocytes
  • Maturation of T cells (correct)

    • Erythropoietin is produced in the liver and stimulates red blood cell production.

    False

    What type of cells are produced in the bone marrow during hematopoiesis?

    Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

    Platelets are fragments of __________ produced in the bone marrow.

    <p>megakaryocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each component with its role in erythropoiesis:

    <p>Erythropoietin = Stimulates production of red blood cells Iron = Essential for hemoglobin synthesis Folic Acid = Prevents anemia and neural tube defects Vitamin B12 = Necessary for red blood cell formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for sequestering and destroying aging platelets?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood cells are continually produced in all types of bones in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of lymphoid organs?

    <p>Primary and secondary lymphoid organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes (RBC)?

    <p>Transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets play a crucial role in fighting infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the buffy coat in blood?

    <p>Platelets and leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major component of osmotic pressure in plasma is __________.

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood components with their functions:

    <p>Erythrocytes = Transport oxygen Platelets = Blood coagulation Neutrophils = Fight infections Albumin = Maintain oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein functions primarily as a carrier molecule?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of leukocytes included in the buffy coat?

    <p>Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?

    <p>Transport of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are primarily involved in the removal of waste products from cellular metabolism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of red blood cell formation called?

    <p>Erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary site of lymphocyte production is the ______.

    <p>lymphoid organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure?

    <p>Albumins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of blood with their functions:

    <p>Albumin = Maintains oncotic pressure Globulin = Antibody function Fibrinogen = Involved in clotting Platelets = Blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin synthesis occurs primarily in the lymphoid organs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of blood cell production?

    <p>Myeloid and lymphoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Primary Lymphoid Organs

    • Thymus is where T cells mature.
    • Bone marrow is where T and B cells are produced.

    Secondary Lymphoid Organs

    • Spleen acts as a blood reserve and phagocytizes old blood cells.
    • Lymph nodes serve as "check stops" for immunity, housing macrophages.

    Hematopoiesis

    • Blood cell production takes place in the bone marrow.
    • Not all bones contain active marrow.
    • Stem cells differentiate into erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

    Development of Platelets

    • Fragments of megakaryocytes produced in the bone marrow.
    • Thrombopoietin (TPO) produced by the liver regulates platelet levels.
    • Platelets circulate for 10 days before losing functionality.
    • Spleen removes aging platelets through phagocytosis.

    Development of WBCs

    • Leukocytes originate from stem cells in the bone marrow.
    • Stored in the thymus and lymph nodes.
    • Their production increases during infection, steroid presence, and reduced bone marrow reserves.

    Development of RBCs

    • Erythropoiesis is the development of RBCs.
    • Erythroblasts in bone marrow mature into erythrocytes stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO).
    • EPO production is controlled by a feedback loop.
    • Increased erythropoietin production by the kidney occurs under hypoxic conditions.
    • EPO promotes increased red blood cell production and release from bone marrow.

    Hemoglobin Synthesis

    • Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein within erythrocytes.
    • Composed of two pairs of polypeptide chains (Globins) and four heme groups.
    • Each heme molecule carries one oxygen molecule.

    Nutritional Requirements for RBCs and Hemoglobin

    • Proteins, specifically amino acids, are essential for RBC production.
    • Vitamins B12, B6, B2, E, and C, folate, pantothenic acid, and niacin are also crucial.
    • Folate deficiency is common and can occur rapidly.
    • Supplements are prescribed to pregnant women to prevent anemia and neural tube defects in infants.
    • Minerals like iron (for hemoglobin) and copper are necessary for RBC production.
    • Deficiency in these components can slow erythrocyte production, leading to anemia.

    Iron Cycle

    • Total body iron is bound to heme, muscle cells, or stored bound to ferritin.

    Blood Plasma

    • Plasma (55%) comprises
      • Proteins: Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin
      • Water: acts as a solvent for various components.

    Cellular Components of Blood

    • Cellular Components (45%)
      • Erythrocytes: Transport oxygen throughout the body.
      • Buffy Coat (<2%): Contains platelets and leukocytes.
      • Platelets: Essential for blood coagulation and bleeding control.
      • Leukocytes:
        • Neutrophils: First responders for early inflammation.
        • Eosinophils: Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
        • Basophils: Contain histamine; released during wound healing.
        • Lymphocytes: Mediate the adaptive immune response.
        • Monocytes: Involved in phagocytosis.

    Plasma Proteins

    • Albumin:
      • Major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure.
      • Functions as a carrier molecule.
      • Plays a key role in drawing fluid back into the intravascular space (maintains oncotic pressure).
      • Decreased production (cirrhosis) or excessive loss (kidney disease) leads to reduced oncotic pressure, resulting in fluid movement into tissues and decreased blood volume (ascites and edema).
    • Globulins:
      • Include antibodies (immunoglobulins) and transport proteins.
      • Carry proteins and immunoglobulins throughout the body.

    Functions of the Hematological System

    • Delivery of substances vital for cellular metabolism (oxygen via RBCs).
    • Removal of metabolic waste products (CO2).
    • Defense against microorganisms and injury (WBCs).
    • Maintenance of acid-base balance.
    • Blood clotting (clotting factors and platelets).

    Nursing 302 Learning Objectives

    • Define the components of blood.
    • Discuss diagnostic tests used to identify red blood cell disorders.
    • Differentiate between various types of anemia.
    • Explain the pathophysiology of hematological disorders.
    • Recognize common white blood cell and lymphatic disorders.
    • Discuss diagnostic tests used to identify white blood cell disorders.
    • Interpret altered hematological laboratory values.
    • Identify the causative factors, clinical manifestations, and complications of platelet disorders.
    • Discuss the medical treatment of common blood disorders.

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    Nur 302 Structure and Function of the Hematological System PDF

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