Civilizations of the Target Language: The Victorian Age

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The period of time from 1837 to 1901, marked by Queen Victoria's reign in Great Britain and Ireland, this era witnessed significant social, political, and cultural shifts.

Born in Kensington Palace, London, in 1819, Victoria received a very strict and controlled upbringing to prepare her for her future role as Queen.

Victoria became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland at the young age of 18 in 1837, succeeding her uncle, King William IV. This marked the beginning of a new era for the monarchy.

The Victorian Era, encompassing Queen Victoria's reign, was a time of great change and advancement. It saw the expansion of the British Empire, leaps in science and technology, and the rise of modern urban life.

Queen Victoria met her future husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1836 during his visit to England with his brother.

The Kensington system, a strict set of rules and regulations designed by her mother and advisor, was imposed on Victoria during her childhood. This system aimed to ensure her complete obedience and prepare her for a life of royal duty.

A strict and highly controlled upbringing, where Victoria was isolated from other family members and subjected to a tightly controlled education, was created by her mother and advisor. This was intended to instill discipline and prepare her for her role as Queen.

This system was designed by Victoria's mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and her advisor, Sir John Conroy, who ensured the rigid application of these rules. Their goal was to mold Victoria into an obedient and responsible future queen.

Victoria and Albert's marriage was not just a personal union, but also a political one, with Albert becoming a trusted advisor, shaping the monarchy's future and helping it gain influence.

Albert's influence extended beyond the monarchy to areas like education and the arts, leading to modernizations and reforms within Britain.

The Great Exhibition of 1851, organized by Albert, showcased Britain's technological and industrial advancements. This event strengthened the royal family's connection to national progress.

Victoria and Albert had nine children, including Edward VII, who later became King. Their children married into various European royal families.

Victoria's descendants spread throughout European royal families, linking her to almost every monarch. This network influenced diplomacy and maintained unity among European royal families.

Prince Albert's death in 1861 devastated Victoria, causing her to enter a period of deep mourning that lasted for the rest of her life.

Victoria's mourning was so profound that she wore black for the rest of her life and withdrew from public appearances.

In 1876, Victoria was declared Empress of India, solidifying British control over the subcontinent and representing the peak of British imperial dominance.

The British Empire, led by Queen Victoria, grew significantly during her reign, encompassing vast territories across Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific, becoming the largest empire in history.

The death of Queen Victoria on January 22, 1901, marked the end of the Victorian era, a period characterized by significant social and technological advancements.

The Elementary Education Act of 1870 made schooling mandatory for children between the ages of 5 and 12, though it wasn't free, excluding poorer families.

The emphasis on reading, writing, and arithmetic (calculation) formed the core curriculum for children during the Victorian era.

While women's education became more accessible, the curriculum focused on domestic skills like needlework and moral instruction, reflecting the societal expectations of their roles.

The Victorian political system was characterized by a constitutional monarchy, where Queen Victoria held symbolic power while Parliament governed.

Victorian political reforms, driven by the need for social progress, included the Elementary Education Act (1870), which significantly improved literacy rates.

The Victorian political system was characterized by a balance of power, allowing for gradual advancements rather than revolutionary changes.

Language used in formal settings like speeches, academic papers, or official documents. It features complex sentence structures, formal vocabulary, and avoids slang or colloquialisms.

Language used in casual settings like conversations with friends, family, or in less formal workplaces. It features simpler sentence structures, more familiar vocabulary, and often includes slang or idioms.

Informal language used by groups with shared interests, often used to express rebellion or humor. It's common in certain social groups and may not be understood by everyone.

The Victorian era saw an expansion of vocabulary due to advancements in technology and industrialization.

During the Victorian era, English absorbed words from various languages across the British Empire as it expanded globally.

The Industrial Revolution introduced new technological terms that became part of everyday language.

The British Empire's global reach brought diverse foods, customs, and materials, infusing English with new terms.

The Victorian era saw the adoption of words from other languages, reflecting the impact of globalization and cultural exchange.

The Reform Act of 1832 expanded voting rights to include a larger portion of the middle class, paving the way for more inclusive governance.

The Industrial Revolution transformed Victorian society by driving urbanization, factory growth, and international trade. Britain became the world's industrial powerhouse, with technological innovations fueling rapid economic expansion.

The Industrial Revolution created stark economic disparities in Victorian society. The middle class flourished, gaining wealth and influence, while the working class faced harsh conditions including long hours, low wages, and unsafe workplaces.

Victorian literature reflected societal issues by portraying the struggles of everyday life and addressing pressing social concerns. Writers used their works to highlight injustices and evoke empathy, bridging the gap between art and advocacy.

Charles Dickens, a prominent Victorian author, used his novels to shed light on societal issues, such as child labor, orphans, and the workhouse system.

During the Victorian era, the English language saw shifts in communication based on social class and context. This period influenced formal and informal speech, as well as the rise of slang terms.

Formal speech, characterized by rigorous grammar and proper vocabulary, was used in professional settings, formal writing, and polite conversations by the Victorian upper classes, academics, and politicians.

Informal speech, often less formal and more relaxed, was used by the lower classes and in casual settings. During the Victorian era, it evolved to include slang terms, reflecting the language of the working class and everyday life.

A comprehensive dictionary that documented the history and development of the English language, including word meanings, origins, and usage.

The OED standardized spelling and usage, preserving the richness of English vocabulary.

It included newly coined words from industrialization and colonization, reflecting the changing world.

The OED documented the increasing use of informal language and slang, reflecting changes in everyday speech.

The OED's publication was a significant event in the Victorian era, shaping how people understood and used English.