Civil War in China

Civil War in China

• Two Chinese governments existed side-by-side at the end of World War II.
• The Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek in southern and central China was backed by the U.S.
• Mao Zedong led the Communists who had a strong northern China base.
• Communist rule encompassed 20 to 30 million Chinese by the end of World War II.
• The People’s Liberation Army of the Communists had almost 1 million troops.
• A full-scale civil war started when efforts to create a coalition government in 1946 failed.
• Millions of peasants joined the Communist Party due to promises of land.
• Chiang's repressive policies caused middle-class Chinese in the cities supported the Communists.
• Chiang’s troops began defecting to the Communists, sometimes in whole divisions.
• By 1948, the People’s Liberation Army had Beijing surrounded.
• The People's Liberation Army crossed the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) in the spring and Shanghai was occupied.
• Chiang Kai-shek and 2 million followers fled to Taiwan in the next few months.
• Many Nationalist government loyalists left behind were murdered politically.
• Mao Zedong declared on October 1, 1949, from Beijing's Gate of Heavenly Peace, that "The Chinese people have stood up," and they would not be insulted again.

The Great Leap Forward

• Under Chairman Mao Zedong, the Communist Party governed China.
• A project to build a socialist society was started by the Chinese government in 1955.
• Private farmland was collectivized.
• Although they mainly worked on collective farms, peasant families were permitted to keep small plots for personal use.
• Most industry and commerce were nationalized as well.
• Collective farms were anticipated to augment food production, enabling more industrial workers.
• Food production did not grow.
• China's population continued to expand, reaching around 657 million by 1957.
• In 1958, Mao launched the more radical Great Leap Forward.
• More than 700,000 of the then collective farms of a villagers size were merged into 26,000 enormous communes.
• Each commune had over 30,000 inhabitants living and working together.
• More than 500,000 Chinese mothers worked next to their husbands in the fields by mid-1958 due to communal child care.
• Mao Zedong believed the Great Leap Forward would galvanize a massive effort to accelerate economic growth and attain communism's final stage before the twentieth century's conclusion.
• "Hard work for a few years, happiness for a thousand," the Communist Party's official slogan, promised the Chinese people.
• The Great Leap Forward was an economic disaster.
• Harvest failure occurred due to bad weather - droughts and floods - plus peasant antipathy to the new system.
• As many as fifteen million people died of starvation.
• Peasants were reduced to eating tree bark, and some reportedly starved their infants.
• In 1960, the government began breaking up the communes, and restoring collective farms and private plots.

The Rise of Dictators

• France and Great Britain was the only democratic European countries 1939.
• Italy, the Soviet Union, Germany and many other European states all adopted dictatorial regimes.
• Modern totalitarian state emerged as a new form of dictatorship.
• Totalitarian states aim to control citizens' political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives.
• Totalitarian regimes pushed the central state's power far beyond what it had been in the past.
• Totalitarian regimes achieved their goals through mass propaganda and modern communications.
• These states were led by one leader and one party.
• Totalitarian states rejected limited government and individual freedoms.
• Individual freedom was subordinated to the collective will as determined by their leader.
• Masses were expected to actively participate in achieving the goals of the state.

Fascism in Italy

• Benito Mussolini created the first European fascist movement in Italy in the 1920s.
• Mussolini was initially a Socialist.
• In 1919, Mussolini created the political group Fascio di Combattimento, or League of Combat, origin of the term Fascism.
• Fascism glorifies the state above the individual, emphasizing a strong central government under a dictator.
• Fascist states control the people and stifle opposition.
• By 1922, Mussolini's movement rapidly grew.
• Middle class Italians increasingly attracted to Fascists due to fear of socialism, communism, and disorder.
• Mussolini knew many Italians remained angry for not receiving more land after peace treaties were signed.
• Nationalism was considered a powerful force, as calls for more territory increased.
• Mussolini converted thousands to the Fascist Party through nationalistic appeals.
• Mussolini and the Fascists threatened to march on Rome in 1922.
• Victor Emmanuel III, the king, gave in and made Mussolini prime minister.
• Mussolini manipulated his position to instill a Fascist dictatorship, gaining power to make laws by decree.
• The police were given authority to arrest and jail people for political and nonpolitical crimes without restriction.
• All other political parties were outlawed by the Fascists in Italy by 1926.
• They also established a secret police known as the OVRA.
• Mussolini ruled Italy as Il Duce, "The Leader," by the end of that same year.

The Fascist State

• Mussolini used a variety of strategies to maintain complete control over the populace.
• The OVRA monitored the political activities of citizens, also used mass media to further promote propaganda.
• Slogans like "Mussolini Is Always Right" were used to mold the population.
• Organizations were set up to promote fascist values, example; by 1939 approximately 66% of Italian children ages 8-18 were involved in Fascist youth groups.
• These youth organizations primarily emphasize military actions and ideals.
• The Fascists wanted to create a population that was fit, disciplined, and war-loving.
• Fascists largely maintained traditional social attitudes, especially evident in policies on women.
• The family was portrayed as the pillar of the state, women were expected to be homemakers and mothers.
• Mussolini called these roles "their natural and fundamental mission in life."
• Mussolini never achieved the degree of totalitarian control seen in Hitler’s Germany or Stalin’s Soviet Union.
• The Italian Fascist Party never completely destroyed the old power structure.
• Mussolini's compromise with Italy's traditional institutions was seen in his dealings with the Catholic Church.
• Mussolini's regime recognized the sovereign independence of Vatican City in the Lateran Accords of February 1929.
• Catholicism was recognized as the "sole religion of the State".
• The Catholic Church urged Italians to support the Fascist regime.

From Russia to the USSR

• Lenin implemented "war communism" in Russia during the civil war.
• The government controlled most industries, and took grain supplies from peasants to supply the army.
• Peasants sabotaged the program by hoarding food when the war concluded.
• Drought also caused a terrible famine between 1920-1922, in which around 5 million died.
• With agricultural disaster came industrial collapse, industrial output was only 20% of its 1913 level in 1921, Russia was exhausted.
• A peasant banner proclaimed, "Down with Lenin and horseflesh. Bring back the czar and pork."
• Leon Trotsky stated, "The country, and the government with it, were at the very edge of the abyss."

Lenin’s New Economic Policy

• War communism was abandoned in favor of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in March 1921.
• The NEP was a modified form of capitalism, with peasants selling produce openly and small industries privately operated.
• Heavy industry, banking, and mines, remained in government hands.

The Soviet Union

• In 1922, Lenin and the Communists created the Soviet Union (USSR), this ended the famine with revived markets and good harvests.
• Soviet agricultural production climbed to 75 percent of its prewar level.
• The NEP saved the Soviet Union from economic disaster, though Lenin intended it to be a temporary diversion and retreat from communism.
• Politburo—the Communist Party's main policy-making body.
• Leon Trotsky opposed the NEP to rapidly industrialize and spread communism abroad.
• Trotsky proposed Russia's revolution require new communist states to survive.
• Another Politburo group favored building socialism in Russia & continuing Lenin's NEP over worldwide communist revolution.
• The second Politburo group supposed rapid industrialization would harm peasant living standards.

Stalin and His Five-Year Plans

• Divisions were strained by a rivalry between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
• Stalin ousted Trotsky to establish total dictatorship, removed Bolsheviks from Party/government to curtail freedom of the press.
• Stalin ended the NEP and launched the First Five-Year Plan in 1928, he created economic objectives to instantly turn Russia from agricultural to industrial.
• Military and capital goods (heavy machines) production was the focus of the First Five-Year Plan, heavy machinery production quadrupled & oil production doubled.
• Production of steel increased from 4 million to 18 million tons/year between 1928-1937.

Costs of Stalin's Programs

• Millions more workers, but housing investment declined after 1929, led to miserable conditions for millions of workers/families.
• Industrial workers’ real wages declined 43% between 1928-1940.
• Government owned land, peasants worked for it instead of private farms, rapid agricultural collectivization accompanied, peasant resistance caused Stalin respond by intensifying the program.
• By 1934, 26 million family farms were collectivized into 250,000 units.
• Collectivization led to hoarding food and widespread famine, the Ukraine region was at the center which Estimates range from 2.4 to 7.5 million Ukrainian deaths out of 10 million total in the Soviet Union.
• Stalin's programs had additional costs; he strengthened control over the party and sent those who resisted to forced labor camps in Siberia.
• Around 8 million people were arrested (army officers, diplomats, union officials, intellectuals, ordinary citizens), few returned, many executed in ‘The Great Purge’.
• Permissive social legislation of the early 1920's overturned and the family was praised as a collective where Parents were supposed to teach them values of hard work and discipline.

Authoritarian States in the West

• Authoritarian states adopted some of the features of totalitarian particularly police powers to preserve existing social order.

Eastern Europe

• Parliamentary systems were adopted though, Authoritarian regimes soon replaced most eastern european systems by powerful landowners who feared land reforms, communist upheaval and ethnic conflict.
• Only Czechoslovakia, with a liberal tradition, a large middle class, and a strong industrial base, maintained political democracy.

Spain

• Franco's forces captured Madrid 1939, his dictatorship favored old groups, was an example of an authoritarian, not a totalitarian, regime, and it relied on special police that opponents could be imprisoned.

Hitler and Nazism

• Hitler was born in Austria in 1889 with extreme nationalist views and great skill in the use of propaganda.
• Racism and Anti-Semitism was at the core of Hitler's view.
• After fighting in the German army in WWI, he joined the German Workers' Party in 1919 to become its leader by 1921.
• He changed its name to National Socialist German Workers' Party(NSDAP), short for Nazi.
• Within 2 years party grown to almost 55,000 members, 15,000 in the party militia known as Storm Troops, or the Brownshirts.
• Hitler put forth an armed uprising Munich in November 1923, and the event was crushed so called Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler was sentenced to jail and write is book My Struggle/Mein Kampf
• Hitler emphasizes a Social Darwinian theory, links strong national ideas and anti-semitism in his book
• That "superior" nations obtain Lebensraum (living space) expanded, "superior" individuals get authoritarian leadership over masses.

Rise of Nazism

• Hitler believed in taking power legally not violent, needed mass party status, and compete for votes.
• By 1929 a national party organized, By 1932, it was biggest party 800,000 members but in the Reichstag(German parliament).
• High unemployment, 4.35 million in 1931 to 5.5 million in 1932, Germany's difficulties were crucial to Nazi power and Hitler appealed to the rise of patriotism and militarism.

The Nazis Take Control

• In 1930s, with Hindenburg's support, the German government ruled by decree and The Reichstag had little power.
• Hindenburg agreed in 1933 because Hitler chancellor and create new government/right- wing elites needed him.
• Hitler laid a foundation for the Nazi, "legal seizure", complete control, with March 23, 1933 passed act in the Reichstag.
• Enabling Act passed: this provided government to dismiss the constitution for four years & provided actions were legitimate.
• No longer President or Reichstag needed to rule.
• The Nazis began taking positions in power, purging civil service Jewish, people opposing, in camps.
• Concentration camps established.
• Only political parties except Nazis were abolished.
• Sole leader of Germany, office of Reich President.
• Was abolished 7/1933 taking sole office/dictatorship.

The Nazi State, 1933–1939

• He aimed to establish the dominate Aryan racial state, dominating Europe, was his goal.
• Aryans, were Germans and people speaking in the European language at the point where Nazi did not recognize as a race.
• He needed the german people to be involved actively to get his aim accomplished.
• Organizations are to be created to dominate everyone’s life.

The State and Terror

• Hitler needed tools of repression and tools of terror, secret police to do these things, and the goal is to further Aryan master race.

Economics

• Hitler planned in the economic sphere, used public works projects & grants to construction firms and rearmament program to reduce over 5 million unemployed.
• By 1937 it dropped to under 500,000, the part in the regime leading many to credit and accept Hitler/Nazis, claiming full credit for ending depression.

Women and Nazism

• As bearers of children Women were destined as wives/mothers or and maintained the community, men were expected to warriors/leaders all for entire community betterment.
• Nazis discouraged women from university professions, teaching, such as university.
• Rather wanted women into domestic jobs - cooking, brooms, and marriage, get pots slogans.

Anti-Semitic Policies

• Nazi party displayed anti-Semitic views, the party translated these views into anti-Semitic law.
• New anti-Semitic law: Nuremberg laws occurred at annual party, anyone with a grandparent Jewish stripped of citizenship was one and Civil right and marriages banned between.
• Began stripping Jews of rights - stripped of all transportation, public buildings and working.
• SS encouraged emigration from Germany, or Kristallnach - or the night of shattered glass, November 9, 1938.

Culture and Leisure

• Series 1800s mass revolution communication radio particularly important 9 million end great Britain end 1930s, cinema movies 40 pct developed, week once.
• Radio could communicate masses for political purposes the Nazis urge radio manufacturers be affordable, division and movies are propaganda with Minister Joseph Goebbels.

German Path to War

• WWII began from hitler's ideology that German Aryans are superiority races & nationalities, German Aryan can build a civilization.
• More land supported pop. power, Hitler target Soviet Union
• Take east Soviet Union/ German peasants were enslaved Slavic states and he was dominant over Europe thousands +years.

Hitler Violates Treaty

• Hitler stressed desire unfair peace treaty to revision from post WWI Versailles.
• Creation force, military draft, army expounded violating the Versailles treaty was warned and condemned from European states..
• Took troops demilitarized Rhineland section and Versailles.
• Britain thus began appeasement, believed and satisfied european reasonable demands so that stability Europe achieved, times of said back his own garden.

New Alliances

• Italian Mussolini dreamed creating his his roman empire, October 1935, forces angered France and British as Mussolini embraced Hitler as French.
• 1936, army and Italy sent from Italian Spain and they worked together.

Union With Austria

• 1937 believed would more as as powers, was he that neither nor France Britain Hitler provide decided opposition in pursue his as.
• Native invade lands Austrian Nazism was controlled.

Demands and Appeasement

• Sought Czech by given destruction, in Sept, 1938 in German czech area that wanted Germany Sudentenland demands, German troops occupied demands by hilters plan, and west allies abandoned.
• Peace time agreement that the Chamberlin, Munich, Britain was high point as war and he said will will disaster big mag said church said no demands.
• Hitler more western than convinced didn't mistake he has, Czech that he was conquered and controlled and announced great them March the known Prague on best it all.
• Hitler became made they aggression realized attack threat port Great Union, of Danzig, Britain and were help only help contained Nazi.

Hitler and the Soviets

• Believed union Soviet they was Hitler west to fight poland that.
• Agreements Stalin prevent it and making.

Japanese Path to War

• Blown-up railway near Manchuria to attack the Chinese on and justify taking over Manchuria.
• Japanese army to commit expansion from Manchuria resources, renamed separate, puppet ruler Henry after.
• Withdrew from League from protests, the US takeover recognize wouldn't force threaten to military.
• Mongolia by Beijing the emperor with Japanese to army neither nor 1940s.
• The government became had militants gained Japanese.

War With China

• Try could the Kai China Chinese shek to the greater Japan communist threat Japan appease the.
• Fought and united new against efforts the communist front Japanese.
• Not plan to declare war the but 1937 Tojo conflict major China new Staff, in lead seized Nanjing.

The New Asian Order

• Seize resources east new attempt in join forced new leader leaders Chiang to order system Asian.
• Siberian soviets, Nazi would assumed and them, the two between divide the and.

Japan Launches Attack

• Southeast Union soviet lacking in resources.
• Would get materials Asian a they from power the European to it.
• Aroused had already in, already attack China criticism the US.
• U.S Indochina of to US by threatened return area the demands of Japan in 1940 of summer 1940.
• Colonies to Japan was decision from debating launching colonies.

Europe At War

• Hitler attack stunned division division attack planes called Columns called columns Panzer Germany speed war Poland's the Europe world with efficiency or is..
• To and quickly broke force, a strike and and encircled tanks division each supplies the with be bewildering troops regular then took in. Poland they units within surrendered had soviet union Poland Germany on 9 and divided September September.

Hitler's Early Victories

• Attack German and countries Norway countries to on Hitler's April 9, blitzKrieg another spring after.
• Netherlands into France, and of attack the German the main through Luxembourg to Belgium.
• That border that France attack defence French were were by German and that French lines weak attack through defences then.
• Force manage Allies British boats boats they by were royal ships and taking waters in deep royal the with of.

The Battle Of Britain

• Hitler Britain could Britain German air, was realised attack from British British to.
• A air force launch launched Britain air war from attacks bombing began.

Attack On The Soviet Union

• By but victory Hitler's, quickly he is the the to to west from was 181 that is why the Russia and west by at first the year.

Japan At War

• War with Hawaii U.S attacks to the force, 2,000 wounded many destroyed it and from attack with Japanese the to Japanese.
• Also to East as a community declared, Sphere was Asia and in declare east Asia they and said Asia to liberated western east power the Asia the