Civil War and Reconstruction
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Questions and Answers

Match each Reconstruction-era group with its primary goal in South Carolina:

Radical Republicans = Advocating for the rights and political representation of African Americans. Freedmen’s Bureau = Assisting newly freed African Americans with education, jobs, and overall welfare. White Supremacist Groups (e.g., Red Shirts) = Opposing Reconstruction and suppressing Black voters through violence and intimidation. Textile Industry = Became a major employer in SC.

Match each term with its description during the Jim Crow Era in South Carolina:

Segregation = The enforced separation of races in schools, transportation, and public places. Sharecropping = An economic system that trapped many African Americans and poor whites in cycles of debt and poverty on agricultural lands. Disenfranchisement = The use of laws and practices to prevent African Americans from voting, such as literacy tests and poll taxes. Lynching = Violence against African Americans.

Match the individual to their role during the Civil Rights Movement era in South Carolina:

Strom Thurmond = Efforts against integration, signing the Southern Manifesto to resist civil rights laws. NAACP = Legal battles for voting rights and school integration. Local Leaders = Voting rights and school integration through legal battles. Ben Tillman = Promoted white supremacy and led efforts to disenfranchise Black voters.

Match each event to its significant outcome during the era of Civil War and Reconstruction:

<p>Secession of South Carolina = Beginning the chain of events leading to the formation of the Confederacy. Attack on Fort Sumter = Initiating the military hostilities of the Civil War. Withdrawal of Federal Troops in 1877 = The conclusion of Reconstruction and the rise of Jim Crow laws. Election of Ben Tillman = Promoted white supremacy and led efforts to disenfranchise Black voters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each Civil Rights Movement milestone with its impact on South Carolina:

<p>Briggs v. Elliott = Challenging school segregation in South Carolina, leading to national attention. Brown v. Board of Education = Ruling segregation unconstitutional. Southern Manifesto = Strom Thurmond led efforts against integration. WW1 = Many African Americans moved north for better job opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the figure in South Carolina history with their main contribution:

<p>Strom Thurmond = Led efforts against integration. Ben Tillman = Promoted white supremacy. NAACP = Voting rights and school integration through legal battles. Freedmen’s Bureau = Assisted newly freed African Americans with education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each cause with its effect during the Civil War era:

<p>Fear of federal interference with slavery = South Carolina seceded from the Union. Confederate attack on Fort Sumter = The start of military conflict in the Civil War. Efforts to disenfranchise Black voters = Led to the passing of laws that prevented African Americans from voting. Slow acceptance of civil rights changes = The Civil rights changes were slow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each economic factor with its impact on South Carolina between 1877 and the 1940s:

<p>Textile industry = Becoming a major source of employment. Sharecropping = Trapping many African Americans and poor whites in economic hardship. WWI = SC provided soldiers and military training camps. Lack of industrial diversification = Limited economic opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their primary impact on South Carolina:

<p>Attack on Fort Sumter = Initiated the Civil War, solidifying the division between the North and South. End of Reconstruction = Allowed white supremacist groups to regain control and start the Jim Crow era. South Carolina Secession = Sparked the Civil War and designated South Carolina as the first state to leave the Union. Voting Rights Act of 1965 = Significantly strengthened Black political participation, amidst continued resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their roles during the Reconstruction era in South Carolina:

<p>Robert Smalls = Former slave who became a South Carolina legislator, advocating for civil rights. Ben Tillman = Segregationist governor and senator who promoted white supremacy and disenfranchisement of Black voters. Strom Thurmond = South Carolina senator and segregationist leader who signed the Southern Manifesto. Harry Briggs Sr. = Filed lawsuit challenging school segregation in South Carolina which contributed to Brown v. Board of Education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following legal or political actions with their intended outcomes in South Carolina:

<p>The New South Carolina Constitution of 1895 = Restricted Black voting rights through literacy tests and poll taxes. Briggs v. Elliott = Challenged school segregation and contributed to the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Southern Manifesto = Opposed school desegregation, asserting that integration violated states’ rights. Establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau = Aimed to aid newly freed African Americans in their transition to freedom through education, medical care, and employment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions with the correct political groups from South Carolina's Reconstruction era:

<p>Radical Republicans = Supported rights for African Americans and advocated for federal intervention to protect those rights. Red Shirts = A white supremacist group known for using violence and intimidation to suppress Black voting and overthrow Reconstruction governments. Conservative Democrats = Reclaimed state government control after the end of Reconstruction, often supporting policies that limited Black rights. Secessionists = Advocated for South Carolina's departure from the Union, leading to the start of the Civil War.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the challenges faced by African Americans in South Carolina with the methods they used to address these challenges:

<p>Disenfranchisement = Activism through NAACP, voter registration efforts, and legal challenges. School Segregation = Legal challenges and lawsuits such as Briggs v. Elliott. Violence and Intimidation = Organized community watch groups and sought federal protection. Economic hardship after Civil War. = Sought assistance from Freedmen's Bureau and established independent businesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the event or era with its primary characteristic in South Carolina history:

<p>Civil War = Marked by armed conflict, destruction, and a solidified division over the issue of slavery. Reconstruction = A period of federal intervention aimed at rebuilding the South and establishing civil rights for African Americans. Jim Crow Era = Characterized by segregation, disenfranchisement, and systemic oppression of African Americans. Desegregation Era = A gradual process of dismantling legal segregation, marked by resistance and legal battles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Supreme Court Cases with their impact on segregation:

<p>Briggs v. Elliott = Challenged school segregation in South Carolina, influencing <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em>. Brown v. Board of Education = Ruled state-sponsored segregation in public schools as unconstitutional. Plessy v. Ferguson = Upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal'. Dred Scott v. Sandford = Ruled that slaves were not citizens and could not sue in federal court.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions with the correct political groups from the Civil War era:

<p>Unionists = Opposed South Carolina leaving the Union and sought to maintain the status quo before the Civil War. Secessionists = Advocated for South Carolina's departure from the Union, precipitating the outbreak of the Civil War. Confederates = Fought to establish and defend the Confederate States of America. Radical Republicans = Supported rights for African Americans and advocated for federal intervention to protect those rights after the Civil War.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions with the people involved during the attack on Fort Sumter.

<p>P.G.T. Beauregard = Confederate General who led the attack on Fort Sumter. Robert Anderson = Union Major who defended Fort Sumter. Abraham Lincoln = President of the United States during the attack which triggered the start of the Civil War. Jefferson Davis = President of the Confederate States of America who authorized the attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the description with the person involved regarding the Voting Rights Act passage.

<p>Martin Luther King Jr. = Civil rights leader who advocated for federal intervention to protect voting rights. Olin D. Johnston = South Carolina senator initially opposed to the Voting Rights Act. Strom Thurmond = South Carolina senator and segregationist leader who signed the Southern Manifesto. Robert Smalls = Former slave who became a South Carolina legislator, advocating for civil rights and equal voting rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Secession

Withdrawal of a state from the Union.

Fort Sumter (1861)

First battle of the Civil War. Confederate forces fired on the fort.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Federal agency that aided newly freed African Americans with education and jobs during Reconstruction.

Ben Tillman

SC governor and U.S. senator who promoted white supremacy and disenfranchisement of Black voters.

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Segregation

Laws enforcing racial separation in schools, transportation and public places

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Sharecropping

System where farmers rent land and pay with a portion of their crops.

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Disenfranchisement

Laws and practices used to prevent African Americans from voting.

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Briggs v. Elliott (1952)

SC case challenging school segregation, leading to Brown v. Board of Education.

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Fort Sumter Attack

The start of the Civil War, initiated by Confederate forces firing on the Union-held Fort Sumter.

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Freedmen's Bureau

An organization created to aid newly freed African Americans in their transition to freedom through education, healthcare, and employment assistance.

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Red Shirts

A white supremacist group that used violence and intimidation to prevent Black citizens from voting and to undermine Reconstruction efforts.

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Ben Tillman's Impact

As governor and senator, championed white supremacy and systematically disenfranchised Black voters through measures like poll taxes and literacy tests.

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Southern Manifesto

A document signed by Southern politicians, including Strom Thurmond, opposing school desegregation and asserting states' rights to maintain segregation.

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Civil Rights Push

Through legal challenges, NAACP activism, boycotts, and voter registration drives. These actions aimed to dismantle segregation and secure equal rights.

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South Carolina Secession (1860)

The first state to secede from the Union, marking a pivotal moment that initiated the Civil War.

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SC 1868 Constitution

Granted Black men the right to vote, which significantly increased Black political representation and triggered a backlash from white supremacist groups.

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End of Reconstruction (1877)

Federal troops withdrew from South Carolina, enabling white supremacist groups to regain control and marking the beginning of the Jim Crow era.

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Study Notes

  • The Civil War occurred between 1861–1865, and Reconstruction took place from 1865-1877.

Secession

  • South Carolina seceded from the Union on December 20, 1860, fearing federal interference with slavery.
  • Secessionists believed states could leave the Union, while Unionists disagreed.

Fort Sumter (1861)

  • Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, initiating the Civil War.
  • The attack symbolized Confederate resistance to Union control.
  • Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard led the attack, and Union Major Robert Anderson defended the fort.

Reconstruction

  • Federal troops occupied South Carolina to enforce laws granting rights to African Americans.
  • The Freedmen’s Bureau aided newly freed African Americans with education and jobs, but some white Southerners viewed it as Northern interference
  • Radical Republicans supported Black rights and representation.
  • White supremacist groups, such as the Red Shirts, opposed Reconstruction and used violence to suppress Black voters.
  • Reconstruction ended in 1877 as federal troops withdrew, enabling segregation laws.

Jim Crow Era & Early 20th Century (1877–1940s)

  • Segregation laws enforcing racial separation in schools, transportation, and public places were enacted.
  • The textile industry became a significant employer.
  • Sharecropping caused economic hardship for many African Americans and poor whites.
  • Ben Tillman, a SC governor and U.S. senator, promoted white supremacy and disenfranchised Black voters.
  • African Americans encountered violence and disenfranchisement through literacy tests and poll taxes.
  • The New South Carolina Constitution of 1895 restricted Black voting rights by introducing literacy tests and poll taxes to disenfranchise Black voters.

World War I (1914–1918)

  • South Carolina provided soldiers and military training camps.
  • Many African Americans migrated north for better job opportunities.

Civil Rights Movement (1920s and 1960s-70s)

  • South Carolina was slow to accept civil rights changes but avoided the violent protests seen in other Southern states.
  • Briggs v. Elliott (1952) challenged school segregation in South Carolina and influenced Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which declared segregation unconstitutional.
  • Harry Briggs Sr. filed the lawsuit, and Thurgood Marshall served as the NAACP lawyer..
  • Strom Thurmond, a South Carolina senator, opposed integration and signed the Southern Manifesto, resisting civil rights laws.
  • Integration in South Carolina schools was slow despite Brown v. Board, with many white families moving to private schools.
  • The NAACP and local leaders fought for voting rights and school integration via legal battles.
  • African Americans pushed for civil rights through legal challenges, NAACP activism, boycotts, and voter registration efforts, facing resistance.
  • The Southern Manifesto was a document opposing school desegregation, signed by Southern politicians like Strom Thurmond, arguing that integration violated states’ rights.
  • In 1963, South Carolina began gradual school desegregation and resistance remained, but legal challenges forced change
  • The NAACP pushed for integration, while White Citizens’ Councils resisted change
  • The Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965 and strengthened Black political participation, and opposition remained in South Carolina.
  • Martin Luther King Jr. advocated for federal intervention, while Olin D. Johnston initially opposed the act.

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Description

Overview of the Civil War (1861-1865), including secession, the attack on Fort Sumter, and Reconstruction (1865-1877). Explores key events, figures, and the social and political impact.

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