Questions and Answers
What was the ruling of the Supreme Court in Brown V. Board of Education?
Who was the first black person to apply and be accepted to the University of Alabama?
What was the main purpose of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)?
What was the result of the Norris V. Alabama case?
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What type of segregation is referred to as 'De Jure'?
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Which event is famously associated with Rosa Parks?
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What was a major aim of protests after World War II?
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Which organization was formed by Martin Luther King Jr.?
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What was the primary goal of the Little Rock 9?
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Who was responsible for calling in the National Guard to prevent the Little Rock 9 from attending school?
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Which organization did Ella Baker work with as the Secretary?
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What event is referred to as the Freedom Rides?
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Which civil rights leader was shot in Mississippi in relation to NAACP activities?
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What phrase is famously associated with George Wallace regarding segregation?
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Who was the first African American to integrate into a deep South school?
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Which federal measure aimed to address civil rights and was pushed through by LBJ?
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Study Notes
Origins of Segregation and Legal Challenges
- 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson establishes "Separate but Equal" doctrine, legalizing segregation.
- Southern states implement Jim Crow laws, enforcing racial segregation de jure (by law).
- De facto segregation refers to unwritten social customs maintaining separation.
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) conducts sit-ins to challenge segregation in public places and create economic pressure.
- Key court cases:
- Norris v. Alabama mandates inclusion of Black individuals in juries.
- Morgan v. Virginia abolishes segregation on interstate buses.
- Sweatt v. Painter initiates college integration efforts.
- Autherine Lucy becomes the first Black student admitted to the University of Alabama, faces violent backlash but is ultimately dismissed for her safety.
Protests and Civil Rights Movement Genesis
- Post-WWII activism targets end of segregation and seeks voting rights.
- 1955: Emmett Till is murdered in Mississippi, igniting outrage over racial violence.
- Thurgood Marshall, as Chief Counsel of NAACP, litigates against segregation.
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954) declares separate but equal unconstitutional, advocating for prompt integration.
- The Southern Manifesto is introduced to undermine Brown v. Board, encouraging resistance to integration.
- Claudette Colvin and Rosa Parks become symbols of resistance against bus segregation, leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
- Martin Luther King Jr. emerges as a leader promoting passive resistance and nonviolent protests, emphasizing civil disobedience.
Organizational Efforts in the Movement
- The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is formed by MLK Jr., focusing on strategizing protests and registering voters.
- 1957 Civil Rights Act aims to secure jury rights for African Americans, pushed through by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
- Little Rock Nine incident demonstrates federal involvement in desegregation, with President Eisenhower nationalizing the National Guard to protect students.
Expansion of Activism and Key Events
- 1960: Woolworth’s sit-in in Greensboro, NC, led by students from NC A&T.
- Ella Baker plays a key role in organizing the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), focusing on voter education in the South.
- Freedom Riders embark on journeys to integrate bus terminals, facing violent backlash in Alabama.
- Fannie Lou Hamer becomes a prominent figure in civil rights, advocating for voter registration efforts in Mississippi.
- Ruby Bridges is the first African American child to integrate an elementary school in the South.
Presidential Engagement and Legislative Actions
- JFK addresses civil rights concerns in the context of the Cold War, emphasizing unity to counter Soviet propaganda.
- James Meredith enrolls at the University of Mississippi, prompting riots; federal marshals are deployed for protection.
- George Wallace, staunch supporter of segregation, famously declares his commitment to segregation in his inaugural speech.
- Birmingham becomes a focal point for civil rights challenges, with Bull Connor representing violent resistance to integration efforts, especially during the Children's Crusade.
Civil Rights Milestones and Violence
- MLK Jr.'s "Letters from Birmingham Jail" articulate his philosophy on civil disobedience and the importance of the civil rights movement.
- Notable events include the Stand in the Schoolhouse Door, where Wallace physically blocks integration of two Black students at the University of Alabama.
- The movement receives attention and pressure culminating in the announcement of the Civil Rights Bill by JFK.
- Medgar Evers, NAACP leader in Mississippi, is assassinated, highlighting the dangers faced by civil rights activists.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the origins and key events of the Civil Rights Movement, including important court cases like Plessy v. Ferguson and the principles of segregation laws. Explore the impact of organizations such as the Congress of Racial Equality and their strategies for change, including sit-ins and legal challenges. This quiz covers significant milestones from 1896 to the advancements in civil rights.
