Questions and Answers
What was the goal of the Freedom Rides?
They wanted to end segregation on buses and public accommodations.
The Supreme Court had already struck down laws segregating public transportation, but the states of the South continued to enforce these laws.
True
The freedom riders went through training to prepare them for the violence they expected to encounter.
True
Security and police were assigned to each bus terminal to prevent violence from breaking out.
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What form of protest were the Freedom Rides?
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Which Supreme Court decision upheld the constitutionality of the U.S. government's internment of more than one hundred thousand Americans of Japanese descent during World War II?
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What laws were designed to reduce former slaves to the status of serfs or indentured servants?
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How did states exclude African Americans from exercising their right to vote while seeming racially neutral?
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What prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of sex as well as race, color, national origin, and religion?
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What organization was created in 1890 to gain political rights for women, especially the right to vote?
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What does the rational basis test require from a complainant?
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What does the intermediate scrutiny test require the government to prove?
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What does the strict scrutiny test require from the government?
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What is the historic legislation that outlawed government discrimination and most forms of discrimination by businesses?
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Study Notes
Freedom Rides
- Aimed to end segregation on buses and public accommodations.
- Despite Supreme Court abolishing segregation laws, southern states continued enforcement.
Preparation for Violence
- Freedom riders underwent training to prepare for anticipated violence.
Police Presence
- Security and police were not assigned to prevent violence at bus terminals, indicating a lack of protective measures.
Form of Protest
- The Freedom Rides were characterized as nonviolent direct action.
Korematsu v. United States
- Supreme Court upheld the federal government's internment of over 100,000 Japanese Americans during WWII.
Black Codes
- Laws established to reduce former slaves to serfdom, disenfranchising blacks and enabling arrests for vagrancy or idleness.
Disenfranchisement Tactics
- States used various methods like poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses to exclude African Americans from voting.
Title VII
- Prohibited employment discrimination based on sex, race, color, national origin, and religion, although initially poorly enforced.
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
- Formed in 1890 to gain political rights for women, especially the vote; evolved into the League of Women Voters after women gained suffrage.
Judicial Standards of Review
- Rational Basis Test: Complainants must prove the classification isn't a reasonable means for a legitimate government objective.
- Intermediate Scrutiny Test: Government must demonstrate classifications relate significantly to an important government objective.
- Strict Scrutiny Test: Government faces the highest burden to prove that classifications are the least restrictive means for a compelling goal.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Landmark legislation that outlawed government discrimination and segregation in businesses, and established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce these provisions.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts from Chapter 5 regarding the Freedom Rides, including their objectives and the challenges faced by participants. Review the definitions and insights into the struggle against segregation in public transportation.
