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Questions and Answers
Which of the following scenarios would most likely be protected under the First Amendment's guarantee of political speech?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely be protected under the First Amendment's guarantee of political speech?
- Disclosing classified government information that endangers national security.
- Organizing a peaceful protest against government policies in a public space. (correct)
- Making false statements that damage someone's reputation.
- Inciting violence against a specific individual known to the speaker.
What is the significance of the Fourteenth Amendment in the context of civil rights reforms?
What is the significance of the Fourteenth Amendment in the context of civil rights reforms?
- It primarily addresses issues related to voting rights for women.
- It guarantees equal protection under the law and due process, preventing states from infringing on civil rights. (correct)
- It focuses on regulating interstate commerce to prevent discrimination.
- It establishes the separation of church and state at the state level.
How does the exclusionary rule, derived from the Fourth Amendment, impact criminal proceedings?
How does the exclusionary rule, derived from the Fourth Amendment, impact criminal proceedings?
- It mandates that all evidence must be disclosed to the defendant, regardless of how it was obtained.
- It allows illegally obtained evidence to be admitted if it proves the defendant's guilt.
- It prevents the government from using evidence obtained through unreasonable search and seizure. (correct)
- It provides guidelines for the use of illegally obtained confessions in court.
How does the concept of 'double jeopardy,' as protected by the Fifth Amendment, safeguard individual rights?
How does the concept of 'double jeopardy,' as protected by the Fifth Amendment, safeguard individual rights?
In the context of elections, what is the role of 'redistricting,' and what potential issue arises from it?
In the context of elections, what is the role of 'redistricting,' and what potential issue arises from it?
What is the function of the 'establishment clause' within the First Amendment regarding religion?
What is the function of the 'establishment clause' within the First Amendment regarding religion?
What might be considered a violation of the Eighth Amendment's protection against 'cruel and unusual punishment'?
What might be considered a violation of the Eighth Amendment's protection against 'cruel and unusual punishment'?
How do 'initiatives' and 'referenda' provide avenues for direct democracy?
How do 'initiatives' and 'referenda' provide avenues for direct democracy?
What is the main purpose of 'apportionment' in the context of electoral districts?
What is the main purpose of 'apportionment' in the context of electoral districts?
How might 'de facto discrimination' differ from 'de jure discrimination'?
How might 'de facto discrimination' differ from 'de jure discrimination'?
How does the 'free exercise clause' of the First Amendment protect individual liberties?
How does the 'free exercise clause' of the First Amendment protect individual liberties?
What is the role of the 'electoral college' in U.S. presidential elections?
What is the role of the 'electoral college' in U.S. presidential elections?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'eminent domain'?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'eminent domain'?
How do 'SMD systems (plurality, majority)' typically function in elections, and what is a potential consequence?
How do 'SMD systems (plurality, majority)' typically function in elections, and what is a potential consequence?
What is the significance of the Sixth Amendment regarding legal representation for defendants?
What is the significance of the Sixth Amendment regarding legal representation for defendants?
Which of the following is an example of electronic voting?
Which of the following is an example of electronic voting?
What is the purpose of primaries and caucuses in the context of presidential elections?
What is the purpose of primaries and caucuses in the context of presidential elections?
What are the arguments FOR and AGAINST direct democracy?
What are the arguments FOR and AGAINST direct democracy?
Which of the following is an example of an 'instrument of elections'?
Which of the following is an example of an 'instrument of elections'?
What is the main goal of suffrage?
What is the main goal of suffrage?
Flashcards
Civil Liberties
Civil Liberties
Basic rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals, protecting them from government overreach.
Civil Rights
Civil Rights
Rights protecting individuals from discrimination based on race, sex, religion, etc., ensuring equal treatment under the law.
Establishment Clause
Establishment Clause
Prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.
Free Exercise Clause
Free Exercise Clause
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Political Speech
Political Speech
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Right to Bear Arms
Right to Bear Arms
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Fourth Amendment
Fourth Amendment
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Exclusionary Rule
Exclusionary Rule
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Right Against Self-Incrimination
Right Against Self-Incrimination
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Double Jeopardy
Double Jeopardy
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Eminent Domain
Eminent Domain
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Right to Counsel
Right to Counsel
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"Cruel and Unusual Punishment"
"Cruel and Unusual Punishment"
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Right to Privacy
Right to Privacy
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Equal Protection
Equal Protection
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Due Process of Law
Due Process of Law
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De Jure Discrimination
De Jure Discrimination
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De Facto Discrimination
De Facto Discrimination
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Suffrage
Suffrage
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Study Notes
Incorporation and Civil Liberties
- Civil liberties are individual freedoms protected by law from governmental interference.
- Civil rights are rights to equal protection and freedom from discrimination.
- The First Amendment includes the establishment clause, preventing government endorsement of religion.
- The First Amendment protects free exercise of religion.
- The First Amendment protects political speech, with specific effects.
- The Second Amendment protects the right to bear arms.
- The Fourth Amendment includes protections against unreasonable search and seizure, including the exclusionary rule.
- The Fifth Amendment includes protection against self-incrimination.
- The Fifth Amendment includes protection against double jeopardy.
- The Fifth Amendment includes the concept of eminent domain.
- The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to counsel.
- The Eighth Amendment prohibits "cruel and unusual punishment."
- Protections under the Eighth Amendment relate to the death penalty and constitutionality.
- Right to privacy is also a key concept.
Civil Rights Reforms
- The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law.
- The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees due process of law.
- De jure discrimination is discrimination based on law.
- De facto discrimination is discrimination in practice but not necessarily by law.
- Changes to voting access have occurred since 2010.
U.S. Elections and Political Parties
- Suffrage is the right to vote.
- Electoral systems involve plurality voting.
- Electoral districts include apportionment, redistricting, and address gerrymandering.
- Indirect election: relating to the electoral college.
Frequency of Elections
- Elections occur at the general (national) level.
- Elections occur at the state/local level.
Timing of Elections
- Early voting allows people to cast ballots before election day.
- Voting by mail allows people to submit ballots via postal service.
Instruments of Elections
- Party ballots are used in some elections.
- Australian ballots are a type of ballot.
- Electronic voting involves the use of technology.
National Elections
- Open primaries allow any registered voter to participate.
- Closed primaries restrict voting to registered party members.
- Blanket/jungle primaries are also used.
- Presidential elections utilize primaries/caucuses.
- Conventions are held.
- Electoral college debate is ongoing.
- Connection between plurality and two parties is significant.
- SMD (Single-member district) systems involve plurality, majority.
- PR (proportional representation) and mixed systems are also used.
CA Elections
- Elections in California utilize a two-up primary system.
- Redistricting reform has been a topic of discussion.
- Direct Democracy involves initiatives (statutes, amendments).
- Direct Democracy involves referenda.
- Direct Democracy involves bond issues.
- Direct Democracy involves Recalls.
- There are arguments for and against direct democracy.
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