Civil and Construction Engineering Overview

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Questions and Answers

What type of load remains in place or is removed slowly?

  • Transitional load
  • Dynamic load
  • Shock load
  • Static load (correct)

Which of the following correctly defines stress in a material?

  • Stress = force x area
  • Stress = change in length/original length
  • Stress = area/force
  • Stress = force/area (correct)

What is the term for the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain in a material?

  • Elastic limit
  • Modulus of resilience
  • Poisson's ratio (correct)
  • Young's modulus

At what stress level do most metals typically exhibit elastic behavior?

<p>Low to moderate stress levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material behavior describes a specimen that does not return to its original shape after a load is removed?

<p>Plastic behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Young's modulus is the proportional constant between which two material properties?

<p>Stress and strain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is true for a material exhibiting true elastic behavior?

<p>Immediate response to load is observed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the axial tension test, what occurs to the cross section of a material?

<p>It reduces in size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary responsibility of civil and construction engineers?

<p>Providing and maintaining societal infrastructure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is NOT commonly used in civil engineering constructions?

<p>Ceramics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered when selecting materials in construction engineering?

<p>Color of the final product (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criterion that determines whether a material fails under load?

<p>The failure criterion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of loading is characterized by loads that remain constant over time?

<p>Static loading (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sustainable development has become an ethical issue for civil engineers since what year?

<p>1997 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the selection of materials, which aspect directly relates to the availability of resources?

<p>Availability and cost of raw materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a catastrophic failure in civil engineering?

<p>Collapse of a structural member (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Civil and Construction Engineering Overview

  • Essential for providing and maintaining societal infrastructure, including buildings, water systems, wastewater processing, and transport networks.
  • Involves planning, design, construction, and maintenance, with a focus on understanding material behavior and performance.

Material Engineering Concepts

  • Materials engineers handle material selection, specification, and quality control based on various properties.
  • Environmental sustainability is crucial; established as an ethical concern in the ASCE Code of Ethics in 1997.
  • Common materials include steel, aggregate, concrete, masonry, asphalt, and wood, with less frequent use of aluminum, glass, plastics, and composites.

Factors Influencing Material Selection

  • Availability and cost of raw materials significantly impact selection.
  • Considerations include manufacturing costs, transportation expenses, placement methods, and maintenance needs.

Mechanical Properties of Materials

  • Materials respond to external loads through deformation, influenced by properties, load type, and geometry.
  • The failure of materials can lead to catastrophic structural collapses.

Loading Conditions

  • Static loads: Sustained direct forces that remain for an extended period; can be permanent or gradually removed.
  • Dynamic loads: Cause shock or vibration; classified as periodic, random, or transient.

Stress and Strain Concepts

  • Deformation is proportional to the force applied, normalized by cross-sectional area (stress) and original length (strain).
  • Stress (σ) calculated as force divided by area; strain (ε) as change in length divided by original length.

Elastic Behavior of Materials

  • True elastic materials return to original shape after load removal; common in most metals under low stress.
  • Elastic deformation involves stretching atomic bonds without altering atomic arrangement.

Young's Modulus

  • Defines the relationship between stress and strain for homogeneous, isotropic, and linear elastic materials.
  • Proportional constant known as the modulus of elasticity (E).

Poisson's Ratio

  • In axial tension, material elongation causes lateral cross-section reduction; opposite occurs in axial compression.
  • Poisson's ratio (ν) expresses the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain.

Elastoplastic Behavior

  • Some materials show linear elastic behavior until reaching a yield point; beyond this, strain increases with minimal stress increase.
  • Characterizes materials that transition from elastic to plastic deformation upon stress increment.

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