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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate?
What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate?
- α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- Citrate synthase (correct)
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase
What is the net effect of the reaction shown in the diagram?
What is the net effect of the reaction shown in the diagram?
- The conversion of oxaloacetate to citrate
- The removal of a two-carbon unit from oxaloacetate
- The conversion of citrate to oxaloacetate
- The addition of a two-carbon unit to oxaloacetate (correct)
What is the role of CoA in the reaction shown in the diagram?
What is the role of CoA in the reaction shown in the diagram?
- CoA acts as a catalyst for the reaction
- CoA acts as a carrier of the acetyl group (correct)
- CoA is a product of the reaction
- CoA is a substrate of the reaction
What is the name of the six-carbon molecule that is formed in the reaction shown in the diagram?
What is the name of the six-carbon molecule that is formed in the reaction shown in the diagram?
What is the product of the next reaction in the citric acid cycle, catalyzed by aconitase?
What is the product of the next reaction in the citric acid cycle, catalyzed by aconitase?
What is the immediate product of the oxidation of isocitrate?
What is the immediate product of the oxidation of isocitrate?
What molecule is oxidized during the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate?
What molecule is oxidized during the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate?
During the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, what molecule is reduced?
During the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, what molecule is reduced?
What is the primary function of isocitrate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle?
What is the primary function of isocitrate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle?
What is the net change in the number of carbon atoms in the molecule during the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate?
What is the net change in the number of carbon atoms in the molecule during the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate?
What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?
What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?
How many molecules of ATP are produced directly during the Krebs cycle per molecule of glucose?
How many molecules of ATP are produced directly during the Krebs cycle per molecule of glucose?
What molecule is produced by the combination of acetyl-CoA (2C) and oxaloacetate (4C)?
What molecule is produced by the combination of acetyl-CoA (2C) and oxaloacetate (4C)?
What are the primary products of the Krebs cycle?
What are the primary products of the Krebs cycle?
What type of reaction occurs during the Krebs cycle when carbon dioxide molecules are released?
What type of reaction occurs during the Krebs cycle when carbon dioxide molecules are released?
Which of the following is NOT a synonym for the Krebs cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a synonym for the Krebs cycle?
What role does oxygen play in the Krebs cycle?
What role does oxygen play in the Krebs cycle?
Where does the Krebs cycle take place within the cell?
Where does the Krebs cycle take place within the cell?
What is the fate of the NADH and FADH2 produced in the Krebs cycle?
What is the fate of the NADH and FADH2 produced in the Krebs cycle?
How many molecules of pyruvate are produced from a single molecule of glucose?
How many molecules of pyruvate are produced from a single molecule of glucose?
What is the main function of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?
What is the main function of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?
In the citric acid cycle, what molecule is oxidized by malate dehydrogenase?
In the citric acid cycle, what molecule is oxidized by malate dehydrogenase?
What is the ultimate fate of NADH and FADH2 produced in the citric acid cycle?
What is the ultimate fate of NADH and FADH2 produced in the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following molecules contributes to the formation of the proton gradient in the intermembrane space?
Which of the following molecules contributes to the formation of the proton gradient in the intermembrane space?
What is the name of the process that uses the proton gradient to synthesize ATP?
What is the name of the process that uses the proton gradient to synthesize ATP?
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Where does the energy come from that drives the pumping of protons across the mitochondrial membrane?
Where does the energy come from that drives the pumping of protons across the mitochondrial membrane?
What is the role of GDP and Pi in the citric acid cycle?
What is the role of GDP and Pi in the citric acid cycle?
What is the net gain of ATP per glucose molecule from glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the net gain of ATP per glucose molecule from glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the role of ATP synthase in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the role of ATP synthase in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
What is the role of CoA in the citric acid cycle?
What is the role of CoA in the citric acid cycle?
How many ATP molecules are produced by the ETC from the oxidation of one molecule of NADH?
How many ATP molecules are produced by the ETC from the oxidation of one molecule of NADH?
How many molecules of CO2 are produced per glucose molecule during the complete oxidation of glucose?
How many molecules of CO2 are produced per glucose molecule during the complete oxidation of glucose?
Which of the following molecules is directly involved in the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?
Which of the following molecules is directly involved in the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Which molecule is directly regenerated by the reduction of NAD+?
Which molecule is directly regenerated by the reduction of NAD+?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate?
Which molecule is directly produced from the decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate?
Which molecule is directly produced from the decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate?
Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur?
Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur?
Which molecule directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain?
Which molecule directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain?
Which molecule is a key intermediate in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
Which molecule is a key intermediate in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
From which substrate does the citric acid cycle begin?
From which substrate does the citric acid cycle begin?
Which molecule is a substrate for the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase?
Which molecule is a substrate for the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase?
Which molecule is directly produced when citrate is isomerized?
Which molecule is directly produced when citrate is isomerized?
Which of the following molecules is a product of the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following molecules is a product of the citric acid cycle?
Which molecule is directly involved in the conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate?
Which molecule is directly involved in the conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules per glucose molecule that is completely oxidized through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules per glucose molecule that is completely oxidized through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
Which molecule acts as an electron acceptor in the reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase?
Which molecule acts as an electron acceptor in the reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase?
What are the major products of the citric acid cycle that contribute to ATP production?
What are the major products of the citric acid cycle that contribute to ATP production?
Which of the following is NOT a direct product of the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a direct product of the citric acid cycle?
Which molecule acts as a key regulator of the citric acid cycle?
Which molecule acts as a key regulator of the citric acid cycle?
Flashcards
Citrate
Citrate
A compound that loses a CH2 and CO2 during the reaction.
Isocitrate
Isocitrate
The compound formed after citrate loses a CH2 and CO2 and is oxidized to reduce NAD+.
NAD+
NAD+
A coenzyme that is reduced to NADH during the metabolism of isocitrate.
α-Ketoglutarate
α-Ketoglutarate
The compound that results after isocitrate undergoes oxidation and loses another CO2.
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Dehydrogenase
Dehydrogenase
Enzymes that facilitate the oxidation of substrates while reducing NAD+ to NADH.
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Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
A molecule that donates a two-carbon acetyl group to metabolic reactions.
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Citrate Synthase
Citrate Synthase
An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate.
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Oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate
A four-carbon molecule that combines with Acetyl CoA to initiate the citric acid cycle.
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Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
A series of enzymatic reactions that produce energy through the oxidation of Acetyl CoA.
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Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle
A series of 8 enzyme-catalyzed reactions crucial for energy production.
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FADH2
FADH2
Another electron carrier produced in the Krebs cycle, also used in the ETC.
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ATP
ATP
Energy currency of the cell, produced in glycolysis and Krebs cycle.
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
The first step of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose to pyruvate.
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Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain
Final stage of cellular respiration where NADH and FADH2 are used to produce ATP.
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Decarboxylation
Decarboxylation
The process of removing a carbon atom from a molecule, producing CO2.
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Oxidation of Pyruvate
Oxidation of Pyruvate
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA before entering the Krebs cycle.
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Fermentation
Fermentation
Alternate process for energy production when oxygen is absent, breaking down glucose.
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
A series of proteins that transfer electrons, generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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ATP Production from NADH
ATP Production from NADH
Each NADH results in the production of approximately 3 ATP during the ETC.
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ATP Production from FADH2
ATP Production from FADH2
Each FADH2 results in about 2 ATP when it donates electrons to the ETC.
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Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis
Process of synthesizing ATP using the energy from a proton gradient established by the ETC.
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Proton Gradient
Proton Gradient
A difference in H+ ion concentration across a membrane, used to generate ATP.
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ATP Synthase
ATP Synthase
An enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi using the energy of the proton gradient.
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Malate Dehydrogenase
Malate Dehydrogenase
An enzyme that oxidizes malate to oxaloacetate, reducing NAD+ to NADH.
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The process where NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the electron transport chain to generate ATP.
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Overall Stoichiometry
Overall Stoichiometry
The balanced equation representing the total inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycle.
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Acetyl-CoA Inputs
Acetyl-CoA Inputs
The reactants in the citric acid cycle including Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, GDP, Pi, and H2O.
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NADH Production
NADH Production
Generated during the oxidation of substrates in the citric acid cycle, crucial for ATP production.
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FADH2 Role
FADH2 Role
An electron carrier produced in the citric acid cycle that enters the electron transport chain.
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GTP Formation
GTP Formation
A molecule formed during the citric acid cycle, similar to ATP and used in energy transfer.
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Carbon Dioxide Outputs
Carbon Dioxide Outputs
The byproducts of the citric acid cycle, released for every acetyl unit oxidized.
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Malate
Malate
A four-carbon compound formed from the reduction of oxaloacetate.
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Fumarate
Fumarate
A four-carbon compound formed in the citric acid cycle.
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Succinate
Succinate
A four-carbon compound that is oxidized to form fumarate.
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Succinyl CoA
Succinyl CoA
A four-carbon intermediate formed during the citric acid cycle.
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Coenzyme A (CoA)
Coenzyme A (CoA)
A helper molecule that transports acetate into the citric acid cycle.
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Alpha-ketoglutarate
Alpha-ketoglutarate
A five-carbon compound formed after isocitrate loses CO2.
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Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is the process of harvesting energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
-
Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH. This occurs in the cytoplasm.
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Oxidation of Pyruvate (Link Reaction): Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria, decarboxylated (CO2 is removed), and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Two NADH molecules are also produced.
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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle, where it is further oxidized, producing 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2. The cycle also releases 4 CO2. This takes place within the mitochondrial matrix.
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC): High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed down a chain of protein complexes. This process pumps H+ ions into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, combining with H+ ions to form water. ATP is synthesized via chemiosmosis (proton gradient provides energy) to create the bulk of the ATP produced during cellular respiration. This stage occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Fermentation
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Fermentation is an anaerobic process that occurs when oxygen is not available. It involves the breakdown of glucose, but produces fewer ATP molecules compared to aerobic respiration.
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Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide, regenerating NAD+. Examples include baking and winemaking.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation: Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid (lactate), regenerating NAD+. This is common in muscle cells during intense exercise.
ATP Production Summary
-
The overall process of aerobic cellular respiration generates a net yield of 38 ATP molecules.
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The exact number can vary slightly based on cell type and transport mechanisms.
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