Citations and Reporting Verbs Quiz

Direct Voice (Quotes )

• Use exact words from the source
• Source identified as a part of or outside sentence
• Parenthetical Citations: Source identified outside sentence
  • Example: "the exact words of source" (Family Name, Year, Page number)
• Narrative Citations: Source identified as a part of sentence
  • Example: Family Name (Year) reporting verb “the exact words of source” (Page number)
• Direct quotes should be under 40 words
  • If longer, use a block quote format, indented, and no quotation marks

In-Text Citations

• Always include quotation marks around direct quotes
• Add a page number to the in-text citation if the source includes page numbers

Reporting Verbs

• Three main categories: strong, neutral, tentative
  • Strong verbs convey certainty
  • Neutral verbs are descriptive, not judgmental
  • Tentative verbs show the writer is unsure

Citation and Reporting Verbs (Focusing on Authors' Number)

• One Author:
  • Narrative: According to family name (year of publication), + Sentence.
  • Or: Family name (year of publication) + reporting verb + Sentence.
  • Parenthetical: Sentence + (family name, year of publication).
• Two Authors:
  • Narrative: According to 1st author family name and 2nd author family name (year of publication), + Sentence.
  • Or: 1st author family name and 2nd author family name (year of publication) + reporting verb + Sentence.
  • Parenthetical: Sentence + (1st author family name & 2nd author family name, year of publication).
• Three or More Authors (et al.):
  • Narrative: According to 1st author family name et al.(year of publication), + Sentence.
  • Or: 1st author family name et al.(year of publication) + reporting verb + Sentence.
  • Parenthetical: Sentence + (1st author family name et al., year of publication).
• Website
  • Narrative: According to Website name (year of publication), + Sentence.
  • Or: Website name (year of publication) + reporting verb + Sentence.
  • Parenthetical: Sentence + (Website name, year of publication).

Special Issues

• Multiple Works: Separate each work with a semicolon
• Secondary Sources: If you read a work by Author X that cites Author Y's work, cite both as "Author Y (Year) as cited in Author X (Year)".

Common References Formats in APA Style

• Websites:
  • Author(s) Family Name, INITIAL(s)
  • Date of publication, use (n.d.) for "no date"
  • Title of article or page (italic)
  • Site name (if the site name/institution isn't being used as the author)
  • URL
• Examples:
  • With Authors: Author, A., & Author, B.(Date of publication, if available).Title of page.Site Name.http://webpage
  • Without Authors: Site Name.(Date of publication, if available).Title of page.http://webpage
  • Institution as Author, No Date: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.(n.d.).Understanding child trauma.https://www.samhsa.gov/child-trauma/understanding-child-trauma

Paraphrasing

• Understand the original text
• Identify shared language that cannot be changed
• Use different words to paraphrase
• Compare paraphrase with the original for meaning and structure

Summarizing

• Understand the original text
• Identify key points
• Note down shared language and details
• Write a summary using only these notes
• Compare the summary with the original for accuracy

Exercise

• Paraphrasing Examples:
  • "Table computers will not only make textbooks obsolete, but also potentially revolutionize education."
    • Using table computers may change education a lot, and textbooks will no longer be necessary.
    • Education could be radically changed with the use of table computers which will replace textbooks.
  • "Medical Officials blame sedentary activities like internet use and video games for the dramatic jump in obesity among teenagers."
    • According to medical officials, activities that do not involve movement such as the internet and video games are responsible for increasing obesity among teenagers.
    • The obesity among teenagers is increasing dramatically because they play physically inactive games such as the internet and video games, as reported by medical officials.

Test your understanding of direct voice, in-text citations, and reporting verbs. This quiz covers essential rules for incorporating quotes and sources into your writing effectively. Improve your citation skills with practical examples and clear guidelines.