D3.1 - Structures of the Circulatory System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

  • They carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
  • They facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.
  • They transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart. (correct)
  • They distribute nutrients to the tissues.

What prevents blood from flowing backwards in veins?

  • The thickness of vein walls.
  • The presence of one-way valves. (correct)
  • The contraction of surrounding muscles.
  • The high pressure within veins.

Which wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the contraction of the ventricles?

  • P-wave
  • QRS-wave (correct)
  • T-wave
  • R-wave

What is a characteristic feature of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>They consist of a single layer of cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the leaflets of valves in the veins fail to close properly?

<p>Varicose veins develop. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the right atrium in the heart?

<p>It receives deoxygenated blood from the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the heart prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

<p>Septum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sinoatrial node?

<p>It generates electrical impulses that initiate heartbeats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do capillaries play in the circulatory system?

<p>They connect arteries to veins and facilitate nutrient and gas exchange. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood pressure relate to the circulatory system?

<p>It is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the left ventricle's muscle thickness compared to the right ventricle?

<p>It pumps blood to the entire body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the left ventricle's function?

<p>It pumps oxygenated blood to the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood?

<p>Pulmonary arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What produces the 'lub' sound during a heartbeat?

<p>Closure of the AV valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence blood pressure?

<p>Temperature of the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal ratio for blood pressure?

<p>120/80 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is an artery defined?

<p>Any blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of heart valves?

<p>To ensure blood flows in the correct direction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines cardiac output?

<p>Amount of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of the circulatory system?

<p>Transportation of gases and nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood flows in the pulmonary veins?

<p>Oxygenated blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway circulates blood from the heart to the lungs and back?

<p>Pulmonary pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

<p>Arteries, veins, capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a valve does not close properly?

<p>A heart murmur is detected (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected by stroke volume and heart rate?

<p>Cardiac output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the atria and ventricles in the heart?

<p>Atrioventricular valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of arteries in the circulatory system?

<p>To carry blood away from the heart. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pathway in the circulatory system?

<p>Lymphatic pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup?

<p>Atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes arteriosclerosis?

<p>Lack of exercise and smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of arteriosclerosis?

<p>Chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does angioplasty work?

<p>It inserts a tube into a blocked artery to inflate it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of heart rhythm issues does arrhythmia refer to?

<p>Too fast, too slow, or irregular beats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a preventive measure for arrhythmia?

<p>Participating in activities that increase stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common type of congenital heart defect?

<p>Leaky valve causing a heart murmur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a heart attack?

<p>Reduced blood flow delivering oxygen to the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often does someone in the USA have a heart attack?

<p>Every 40 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiac Muscle

A powerful muscle, found only in the heart, that is responsible for the pumping of blood throughout the body.

Atria

The top two chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body and lungs.

Ventricles

The bottom two chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the body and lungs.

Septum

The thick wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart, ensuring that oxygenated blood doesn't mix with deoxygenated blood.

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Heart Valves

Structures within the heart that control blood flow, preventing backflow by opening and closing.

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Aorta

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

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Venae Cavae

The large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

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Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

The specialized group of cells in the heart that initiate and control the heartbeat.

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Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right?

The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the entire body and requires more force than the right ventricle, which only pumps blood to the lungs.

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What defines an artery?

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

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What defines a vein?

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.

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What does the pulmonary artery carry?

The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated.

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What does the pulmonary vein carry?

The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart's left atrium.

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What do the valves in the heart do?

Valves within the heart ensure that blood flows in one direction only, preventing backflow.

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What do the atrioventricular valves separate?

The atrioventricular valves separate the atria and ventricles.

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What are the semilunar valves?

The semilunar valves located at the exits of the ventricles prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles.

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What are veins?

Veins are blood vessels that transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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How is the structure of veins adapted to their function?

Veins have thin, flexible walls that don't contract on their own to help blood flow back to the heart. They also contain one-way valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards due to gravity.

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What are capillaries?

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels connecting arteries and veins. They have very thin walls, made of only one layer of cells, facilitating gas exchange with tissues.

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What is an Electrocardiogram (ECG)?

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. It displays P-wave (atrial contraction), QRS-wave (ventricular contraction), and T-wave (ventricular recovery).

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How would the ECG recording change during exercise?

When a person exercises, their heart beats faster and stronger, leading to a higher electrical activity. This causes the peaks and waves on the ECG to be larger and more frequent.

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Lub (heart sound)

The sound produced when the atrioventricular (AV) valve closes as the ventricles contract, forcing blood upwards.

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Dub (heart sound)

The sound produced when the semilunar valves close as the ventricles relax, allowing blood pressure to decrease.

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Heart murmur

An abnormal heart sound that occurs when a valve doesn't close properly, causing blood to flow backward.

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Blood pressure

The pressure exerted by blood against blood vessel walls, measured during a heartbeat.

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Systolic pressure

The maximum pressure measured in the arteries during a heartbeat, when the ventricles contract.

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Diastolic pressure

The minimum pressure measured in the arteries between heartbeats, when the ventricles are relaxed.

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Cardiac output

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute, indicating how much oxygen is delivered to the tissues.

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Stroke volume

The volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.

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What is Arteriosclerosis?

Arteriosclerosis describes conditions where artery walls thicken and become less elastic due to plaque buildup, making them hard.

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What causes Arteriosclerosis?

Arteriosclerosis is commonly caused by lack of exercise, smoking, and high-fat diets. These factors contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.

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How does Arteriosclerosis affect blood flow?

Arteriosclerosis leads to decreased blood flow and higher blood pressure, as the hardened arteries restrict blood flow.

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What is a Heart Arrhythmia?

Heart arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm, either too slow, too fast, or irregular. It disrupts the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.

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What is a Heart Attack?

A heart attack occurs when the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen due to significantly reduced or blocked blood flow.

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What are Congenital Heart Defects?

Congenital heart defects are structural abnormalities present from birth. They can be caused by genetic factors or environmental factors like drug or alcohol use during pregnancy.

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What are some types of Congenital Heart Defects?

Congenital heart defects often involve valve defects, causing leaky valves and heart murmurs, or septal defects, which are holes in the heart's septum.

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How are Congenital Heart Defects usually treated?

Congenital heart defects are often surgically corrected to improve heart function and quality of life.

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Study Notes

Circulatory System Structures

  • The circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.
  • Its main functions are transporting gases, nutrients, and wastes, regulating temperature and hormone distribution, and protecting against disease.
  • The heart is a muscular organ, about the size of a human fist, with four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower).
  • The atria receive blood, and ventricles pump blood.
  • The right side of the heart handles deoxygenated blood, while the left side handles oxygenated blood.
  • The heart is separated into right and left sides by a septum.
  • This septum prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
  • Valves ensure unidirectional blood flow.
  • Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) separate atria from ventricles.
  • Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) separate ventricles from arteries.

Blood Vessels

  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, typically oxygenated blood.
  • Veins carry blood toward the heart.
  • Veins typically carry deoxygenated blood.
  • Capillaries connect arteries and veins to tissues.
  • Capillaries are the site of gas exchange.
  • Arteries primarily have thick, elastic walls for pressure.
  • Veins are thinner-walled to accommodate lower pressure and have valves to prevent backflow.
  • Capillaries have thin walls for efficient gas and nutrient exchange.

Heart Action and Pathways

  • Blood flow: Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, travels to the right ventricle, and is pumped to the lungs via pulmonary arteries.
  • Blood is oxygenated in the lungs, then returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins.
  • Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the body via the aorta.
  • Systemic pathway: Blood circulation throughout the body.
  • Pulmonary pathway: Blood circulation to the lungs.
  • Coronary pathway: Blood circulation to the heart itself.

Heart Muscle

  • Cardiac muscle is unique to the heart, specialized for efficient and rhythmic contractions.
  • This muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (involuntary).
  • The heart's electrical impulses originate in the sinoatrial (SA) node and are relayed to other parts of the heart to induce coordination of contractions.

Heart Sounds and Conditions

  • Heart sounds are produced by the opening and closing of valves.
  • "Lub" sound: AV valve closing.
  • "Dub" sound: Semilunar valve closing.
  • A heart murmur is abnormal and indicates a valve issue.
  • Cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries), arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), congenital heart defects (birth defects), and heart attacks.

Blood Pressure

  • Blood pressure is the pressure exerted against artery walls, measured as systolic/diastolic.
  • Normal blood pressure is 120/80.
  • Factors influencing blood pressure include heart rate, blood volume, and resistance in blood vessels.

Cardiac Output

  • Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, affected by stroke volume and heart rate.
  • Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped in a single beat.
  • Healthy arteries are flexible, elastic, carrying blood away from the heart under considerable pressure.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

  • The ECG measures the heart’s electrical activity.
  • In a healthy heart, the electrical activity during different stages of contraction generates characteristic waves (P, QRS, T).
  • An unusual ECG indicates a possible heart problem.

Common Cardiovascular Disorders

  • Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque in arteries, reducing blood flow.
  • Heart Arrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats.
  • Congenital Heart Defects: Structural problems present at birth.
  • Heart Attack: Oxygen deprivation to heart tissue.

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D3.1 - Structures of the Circulatory System PDF

Description

This quiz covers the key structures of the circulatory system, including the heart and blood vessels, and their functions. It explores how the heart operates, the roles of arteries and veins, and the importance of valves. Test your knowledge on how blood circulates throughout the body and maintains homeostasis.

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