Circulatory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of precapillary sphincters in capillary beds?

  • To facilitate gas exchange between blood and tissues
  • To increase blood pressure in capillaries
  • To control blood flow into the capillary bed (correct)
  • To transport nutrients away from the capillaries

Which type of capillary is characterized by having a complete lining?

  • Fenestrated capillaries
  • Sinusoidal capillaries
  • Continuous capillaries (correct)
  • Transitional capillaries

Which of the following is true regarding venules?

  • They are the largest type of veins
  • They contain no valves
  • They carry oxygenated blood exclusively
  • They are companion vessels with arterioles (correct)

What is a major role of valves found in most veins?

<p>To prevent backflow and pooling of blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines sinusoids among the types of capillaries?

<p>They allow large molecules and cells to pass through gaps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tunica intima in blood vessels?

<p>Lining the lumen of the blood vessel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of artery is characterized by a large diameter and the presence of elastic fibers?

<p>Elastic arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure supplies blood to the larger blood vessels?

<p>Vasa vasorum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component primarily distinguishes muscular arteries from elastic arteries?

<p>Thicker tunica media (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>Facilitating metabolic exchange between blood and tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Transport blood throughout the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood?

<p>Right atrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the right and left ventricles?

<p>Interventricular septum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the atrioventricular valves?

<p>Prevent backflow into the atria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many cusps does each semilunar valve have?

<p>Three (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure normally prevents backflow from major arteries into the ventricles?

<p>Semilunar valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is NOT found between the major veins and the atria?

<p>Aortic valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during a heart valve disorder characterized by an incompetent valve?

<p>Blood leaks back into the atria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pericardium's main function?

<p>Protect and enclose the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?

<p>Left of midline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do arteries and veins in the body typically have in common?

<p>They often run side by side. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery branches off the ascending aorta?

<p>Brachiocephalic trunk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries supplies the lower limbs?

<p>Common iliac artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the internal and external jugular veins?

<p>To drain blood from the head. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does blood from the lower limbs eventually drain into?

<p>Great saphenous and femoral veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery continues from the abdominal aorta to supply the lower limbs?

<p>Femoral artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which veins merge to form the superior vena cava?

<p>Brachiocephalic veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries?

<p>Popliteal artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the valves in the case of valvular stenosis?

<p>Valves become hardened (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

<p>Right atrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the thick muscular walls of the left ventricle?

<p>To generate higher pressure for systemic circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is known as the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself?

<p>Coronary circulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of a myocardial infarction?

<p>Blockage in one of the coronary arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs correctly match the heart valve to its location?

<p>Pulmonary semilunar valve - right ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the pulmonary circuit considered a low-pressure system?

<p>It is a short circuit to the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the serous pericardium?

<p>Visceral layer and parietal layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymph nodes?

<p>Cleansing lymph by removing debris and activating lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphatic duct drains the right upper limb and right side of the head?

<p>Right lymphatic duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the thymus?

<p>Maturation of T-cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes specialized lymphatic capillaries found in the intestine?

<p>Lacteals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of lymphoid organs?

<p>Primary and secondary lymphoid organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major function does the spleen serve?

<p>Lymphocyte storage and proliferation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the reticular connective tissue in lymphoid organs?

<p>Housing and development of lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does lymph enter the lymph nodes?

<p>Through afferent lymphatic vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MALT stand for, and what is its purpose?

<p>Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; protects against mucosal pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves to clean lymph and activate lymphocytes?

<p>Lymph nodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body, carrying oxygen, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and other essential substances.

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

The circulatory system consists of the heart and a network of blood vessels, with a total length estimated around 100,000 kilometers.

What does the right side of the heart do?

The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. This is called the pulmonary circuit.

What does the left side of the heart do?

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body. This is called the systemic circuit.

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What are the main chambers of the heart and their functions?

The atria are the receiving chambers of the heart, while the ventricles are the pumping chambers. The right atrium receives blood from the body, the left atrium receives blood from the lungs. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the body.

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What separates the right and left ventricles?

The interventricular septum separates the right and left ventricles, ensuring the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix.

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Describe the pericardium and its function.

The pericardium, a sac-like structure, encloses the heart. It has two layers - fibrous and serous. The fibrous layer provides protection and restricts excessive movement, while the serous layer has two layers creating a fluid-filled space called the pericardial cavity.

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What are the functions of heart valves?

Valves are essential components of the heart that regulate blood flow, ensuring it moves in only one direction. They open and close in response to pressure changes, preventing backflow.

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What are the roles of atrioventricular valves?

Atrioventricular valves, located between the atria and ventricles, prevent backflow from ventricles to atria. They include the tricuspid valve (right AV valve) and the mitral valve (left AV valve).

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What are the roles of semilunar valves?

Semilunar valves, located between ventricles and major arteries, prevent backflow from arteries to ventricles. They consist of the pulmonary semilunar valve (between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk) and the aortic semilunar valve (between the left ventricle and aorta)

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Valvular Stenosis

A condition where heart valves become stiff and narrowed, making it harder for blood to flow through.

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Valve Replacement

The process of replacing a defective heart valve with a mechanical, animal, or human-derived valve.

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Right Atrium

The upper chamber of the heart on the right side, receiving deoxygenated blood from the body.

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Tricuspid Valve

The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle, controlling blood flow between them.

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Right Ventricle

The lower chamber of the heart on the right side, pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

The valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk, preventing blood from flowing back into the ventricle.

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Pulmonary Trunk

The large blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

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Left Atrium

The upper chamber of the heart on the left side, receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs.

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Tunica Intima

The innermost layer of a blood vessel responsible for lining the lumen of the artery, it's made up of a single layer of endothelial cells.

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Tunica Media

The middle layer of a blood vessel, primarily composed of smooth muscle cells, contributing to the contraction and dilation of the vessel, controlling blood flow.

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Tunica Externa

The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed of connective tissue, anchoring the vessel to surrounding tissues and providing support.

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Vasa Vasorum

A network of smaller blood vessels that supply blood to the walls of larger blood vessels, particularly in the tunica externa.

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Capillary

A small blood vessel with a thin wall, only one cell layer thick, allowing for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.

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What are Venules?

The smallest veins which are companion vessels with arterioles. The smallest venules are called postcapillary venules, where leukocytes can pass through.

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What are the three types of capillaries?

Continuous capillaries are the most common type, with a complete lining. Fenestrated capillaries have pores allowing fluid exchange. Sinusoids have large gaps for cell and large molecule transport.

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How is blood flow to capillary beds controlled?

Precapillary sphincters are bands of smooth muscle that regulate blood flow into a capillary bed.

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What are capillaries?

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, formed by branches from the metarteriole. True capillaries have a ring of smooth muscle on their walls, controlling blood flow.

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What are veins and their functions?

Veins return blood to the heart, with lower pressure than arteries. They have valves preventing blood pooling. Venules are the smallest veins, forming larger veins.

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What is lymph?

The fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system, returning leaked fluids back to the bloodstream.

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What are lymphatics?

A vast network of vessels that carry lymph throughout the body.

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What are lymph nodes?

Small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph, contain immune cells, and help fight infections.

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What are lymphatic capillaries?

Highly-permeable, blind-ended vessels that weave between blood capillaries and tissue cells, responsible for collecting excess fluid and proteins from tissues.

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What are lacteals?

Specialized lymphatic capillaries found in the small intestine that absorb dietary fats.

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What are larger lymphatic vessels?

Larger vessels that collect lymph from lymphatic capillaries, equipped with valves to prevent backflow.

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What are the lymphatic ducts?

Two main ducts that collect lymph from the body and deliver it to the bloodstream.

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What is the thymus?

A primary lymphoid organ where T cells mature and develop the ability to recognize and fight infections.

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What is the spleen?

The largest lymphoid organ, responsible for filtering blood, removing old red blood cells, and storing lymphocytes.

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What is MALT?

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, a collection of lymphoid tissues located in the mucous membranes, such as tonsils and Peyer's patches, which protect the body from pathogens entering through mucosal surfaces.

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What is the Aorta?

The largest artery in the body, the aorta, carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. It has two main sections: the ascending aorta, which carries blood to the head and arms, and the descending aorta, which carries blood to the rest of the body.

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Subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries.

The subclavian arteries branch off from the aorta and carry blood to the shoulders and arms. The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery and supplies blood to the armpit and upper arm. The brachial artery carries blood to the upper arm and branches into the radial and ulnar arteries, which supply blood to the forearm and hand.

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What are the Common Carotid Arteries?

The common carotid arteries supply blood to the head and neck. They branch off from the aorta (left side) and the brachiocephalic trunk (right side).

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Iliac Arteries and their Branches

The iliac arteries are major arteries that carry blood to the legs. The common iliac arteries branch off from the abdominal aorta and divide into the external and internal iliac arteries. The external iliac artery supplies blood to the lower abdomen and leg, becoming the femoral artery in the thigh. The femoral artery continues as the popliteal artery behind the knee, which then branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries that supply blood to the lower leg and foot.

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Veins of the Head and Upper Limbs

The internal jugular veins carry deoxygenated blood from the head and neck back to the heart. The external jugular veins also collect deoxygenated blood from the head and neck and drain into the subclavian veins. The subclavian veins are located in the shoulders and collect blood from the upper limbs. They drain into the brachiocephalic veins. The brachiocephalic veins drain into the superior vena cava, which carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

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Veins of the Lower Limbs

The great saphenous veins are the longest veins in the body and run along the inside of the leg from the ankle to the groin. The femoral veins carry deoxygenated blood from the legs to the common iliac veins. The common iliac veins merge to form the inferior vena cava, which carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.

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How are Blood Vessels Named?

Blood vessels are named to indicate the body region, organ served, or nearby bone they supply.

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Asymmetry in Blood Vessels

The right and left sides of the body may have slightly different vascular arrangements, so remember to focus on the specific vessel location.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • Transports blood throughout the body
  • Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
  • A system of blood vessels and a heart
  • Network of blood vessels approximately 100,000 km long

Heart Anatomy

  • Approximately the size of a fist
  • Right side: receives oxygen-poor blood from tissues, pumps blood to the lungs for CO2 removal and O2 uptake via pulmonary circuit
  • Left side: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, pumps blood to body tissues via systemic circuit

Heart Anatomy (Chambers)

  • Receiving chambers: right atrium (receives blood from systemic circuit), left atrium (receives blood from pulmonary circuit)
  • Pump chambers: right ventricle (pumps blood through pulmonary circuit), left ventricle (pumps blood through systemic circuit)
  • Interventricular septum: separates right and left ventricles

Heart Position in Thoracic Cavity

  • Left of midline
  • Deep to sternum
  • Located in the mediastinum
  • Base: left atrium, superior border, great vessels, and superior vena cava
  • Apex: tip of left ventricle, inferior border

Pericardium

  • Encloses the heart
  • Restricts movement (allows slight movement)
  • Composed of two parts:
    • Fibrous pericardium
    • Serous pericardium (parietal and visceral layers); pericardial cavity between these layers

External Heart Anatomy and Features

  • Atria: receiving chambers, auricles (muscular extensions)
  • Coronary Sulcus: groove separating atria and ventricles
  • Anterior Interventricular Sulcus: groove separating ventricles

Posterior Interventricular Sulcus

  • Located between the right and left ventricles

Heart Valves

  • Ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart
  • Open and close in response to pressure changes
  • No valves are found between major veins and atria (inertia of incoming blood prevents backflow)
  • Heart contractions compress venous openings

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

  • Prevent backflow into atria
  • Chordae tendineae (attachment)
  • Papillary muscles
    • Tricuspid valve (right AV valve): between right atrium and ventricle
    • Mitral valve (left AV valve, bicuspid valve): lies between left atrium and ventricle

Semilunar (SL) Valves

  • Two semilunar valves prevent backflow from major arteries back into ventricles
    • Pulmonary semilunar valve
    • Aortic semilunar valve

Heart Valve Disorders

  • Incompetent valve: valve does not close tightly
  • Valvular stenosis: valves become hardened
  • Defective valves can be replaced (mechanical, animal or cadaver valves)

Pathway of Blood Through Heart (Right Side)

  • Superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and coronary sinus
  • Right atrium
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Right ventricle
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Lungs

Pathway of Blood Through Heart (Left Side)

  • Four pulmonary veins
  • Left atrium
  • Mitral valve
  • Left ventricle
  • Aortic semilunar valve
  • Aorta
  • Systemic circulation

Coronary Circulation

  • Functional blood supply to heart muscle itself
  • Delivered when heart is relaxed
  • Right and left coronary arteries (within coronary sulcus)
  • Myocardial infarction: results from a blockage in one of these vessels.

Anatomy of Blood Vessels

  • Three classes
    • Arteries
    • Capillaries
    • Veins
  • Arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are 'great vessels'

Blood Vessel Tunics

  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa

Arteries

  • Three types
    • Elastic arteries
    • Muscular arteries
    • Arterioles

Elastic Arteries

  • Largest
  • Near heart
  • Branches into muscular arteries

Muscular Arteries

  • Medium-sized
  • Elastic fibers in two concentric rings between the three tunics (internal and external elastic lamina)
  • Have thicker tunica media

Arterioles

  • Smallest
  • Less than six cell layers of smooth muscle in tunica media
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Capillaries

  • Smallest blood vessels
  • Small diameter, Erythrocyte travel
  • Wall is only tunica intima (single layer)
  • Metabolic exchange occurs

Capillary Beds

  • Some capillary beds are fed by a metarteriole
  • A thoroughfare channel connects to a venule
  • Branches from metarteriole = capillaries (ring of smooth muscle on their walls are true capillaries)

Types of Capillary Beds

  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Sinusoids

Veins and Venules

  • Return blood to heart
  • Pressure lower than arteries
  • Blood reservoirs

Venules

  • Smallest veins
  • Companion vessels with arterioles
  • Smallest are postcapillary venules (Leukocytes may pass through)
  • Venules form veins

Veins

  • Larger than venules
  • Smaller/medium-sized travel with muscular arteries
  • Large veins travel with elastic arteries
  • Most veins contain valves to prevent pooling
  • Formed from tunica intima
  • Venous return

Lymphatic System

  • Returns fluid that leaks out of blood vessels
  • Lymph: Fluid approximately 3L circulated per day
  • Lymphatics: Network of vessels
  • Contains immune cells: Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, other tissues

Lymphatic Capillaries

  • Highly-permeable, blind-ended vessels
  • Weave between blood capillaries and tissue cells
  • Absent in bone and tooth tissues
  • Loosely overlapping endothelial cells form minivalves
  • Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the intestine are called lacteals (help absorb fat)

Lymphatic Vessels

  • Structure is similar to veins, but contain more valves
  • Lymph capillaries drain into larger collecting lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph drains into larger lymphatic trunks
  • Finally, drains one of two lymphatic ducts

Lymphatic Organs

  • Lymphoid organ tissue mainly comprised of reticular connective tissue
  • Houses and allows lymphocyte development
  • Two main types
    • Primary Lymphoid Organs (red bone marrow and thymus) - sites for T and B cell maturation
    • Secondary Lymphoid Organs (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, MALT, appendix) sites of lymphocyte activation

Lymphatic Organs: Lymph Nodes

  • Hundreds throughout body (deep and near surface)
  • Common body surface regions: cervical, axillary, and inguinal
  • Functions: cleansing lymph by removing debris and organisms (using macrophages); area for lymphocyte activation

Lymphatic Organs: Lymph Node Structure

  • Surrounded by a fibrous capsule
  • Capsule extends inward into trabeculae, to divide the node.
  • Two regions: outer cortex and inner medulla
  • Lymph enters through afferent lymphatic vessels, travels through several sinuses
  • Lymph exits from efferent lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic Organs: Thymus

  • Bi-lobed organ inferior to neck
  • T-cells mature (more in 230), most active in childhood
  • Immature T-cells kept from blood via blood-thymus barrier
  • Primarily epithelial cells instead of reticular connective tissue

Lymphatic Organs: MALT

  • Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
  • Protects body from pathogens entering through mucosal barriers
  • Includes: tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix

Review Questions (Cardiovascular System)

  • Why is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right?
  • What are the 2 parts of the serous pericardium?
  • Freshly oxygenated blood is first received by which part of the heart? Where is deoxygenated blood received?
  • What are the names and locations of the 4 heart valves?

Review Questions (Lymphatic System)

  • Describe the pathway of lymphatic flow from a tissue to the heart
  • What is MALT? What role does it play?
  • Why do lymph nodes under your arms sometimes swell after a vaccination?

Important Structures in Cardiovascular System

  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Aortic semilunar valve
  • Mitral valve

Important Structures in Lymphatic System

  • Right Lymphatic Duct
  • Thoracic Duct
  • Lymph nodes (cervical, axillary, and inguinal)
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Tonsils

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Description

Test your knowledge on the circulatory system with this quiz! Questions cover various aspects, including blood vessels, heart function, and types of capillaries. Challenge yourself to understand how these components work together to maintain circulation in the body.

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