Podcast
Questions and Answers
Where are Merkel cells most numerous in the body?
Where are Merkel cells most numerous in the body?
What type of connective tissue primarily composes the dermis?
What type of connective tissue primarily composes the dermis?
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscles?
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscles?
Which type of glands are primarily responsible for producing sebum?
Which type of glands are primarily responsible for producing sebum?
Signup and view all the answers
What feature distinguishes Merkel cells under a light microscope?
What feature distinguishes Merkel cells under a light microscope?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of collagen fibers in the skin?
What is the role of collagen fibers in the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the body lacks hair follicles?
Which part of the body lacks hair follicles?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cells predominantly makes up the epidermis?
What type of cells predominantly makes up the epidermis?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the main components of the appendages of the skin?
What are the main components of the appendages of the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which layers compose the skin?
Which layers compose the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the cutaneous glands?
What is the primary function of the cutaneous glands?
Signup and view all the answers
What do dermal papillae do?
What do dermal papillae do?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of Atriovenous Anastomoses (AV Shunts)?
What is the role of Atriovenous Anastomoses (AV Shunts)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?
What is the main difference between the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?
Signup and view all the answers
What do lymph vessels primarily collect from the interstitial space?
What do lymph vessels primarily collect from the interstitial space?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the epidermis primarily derived from?
What is the epidermis primarily derived from?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of Langerhans cells in the skin?
What is the primary function of Langerhans cells in the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which layer of the skin is primarily made up of loose connective tissue?
Which layer of the skin is primarily made up of loose connective tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of collagen fibers help anchor the papillary layer to the basement membrane?
Which type of collagen fibers help anchor the papillary layer to the basement membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure is responsible for providing the epidermis with blood supply?
What structure is responsible for providing the epidermis with blood supply?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of nerve endings are commonly associated with touch sensation?
Which type of nerve endings are commonly associated with touch sensation?
Signup and view all the answers
Where in the body are the adipose cells particularly numerous, forming layers of tissue?
Where in the body are the adipose cells particularly numerous, forming layers of tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of skin cells has the least number among the epidermal cells?
Which type of skin cells has the least number among the epidermal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the rod-shaped membrane-bound granules found in Langerhans cells called?
What are the rod-shaped membrane-bound granules found in Langerhans cells called?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Circulatory System
- Delivers nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and needed substances to body cells.
- Removes carbon dioxide and waste.
- Aids in fighting pathogens by transporting necessary cells and substances.
- Composed of two systems: cardiovascular (blood) and lymphatic (lymph).
Cardiovascular System
- Consists of the heart and blood vessels forming a closed circuit.
- Three types of blood vessels: capillaries, arteries, and veins.
- Capillaries connect arteries and veins.
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
- Veins carry blood toward the heart.
- Heart and blood vessels are continuous systems: pulmonary and systemic circulatory paths.
- Pulmonary circulation: heart to lungs then back to heart.
- Systemic circulation: heart to body tissues and organs then back to heart.
- Heart: a hollow, muscular pump around the size of a clenched fist in the mediastinum.
- Four chambers: right and left atria, right and left ventricles.
- Atria are superior, ventricles are inferior.
- Left ventricle pumps systemic circulation, right ventricle pumps pulmonary circulation.
- Interatrial septum separates the atria, Interventricular septum separates the ventricles.
- Right atrium receives blood from superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.
- Blood flows from right atrium to right ventricle via tricuspid valve.
- Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary trunk.
- Lungs oxygenate blood then blood returns to left atrium via pulmonary veins.
- Blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle via mitral valve.
- Left ventricle pumps blood into aorta to distribute to body tissues.
- Pericardium: connective tissue enclosing the heart (fibrous and serous layers).
- Fibrous pericardium: external pouch with dense connective tissue.
- Serous pericardium: two layers (parietal and visceral) adhering to heart and fibrous sac, contains pericardial fluid for friction reduction.
Heart Histology
- Endocardium: innermost, thin layer lining heart and great vessels.
- Myocardium: thickest layer, cardiac muscle fibers in sheets spiralling around the atria and ventricles (ANP/BNP hormones secreted by cells).
- Epicardium: outermost layer, synonymous with visceral pericardium; loose connective tissue & adipose cells.
- Cardiac skeleton: dense connective tissue supporting the heart, contains septum membranaceum, annuli fibrosi and trigona fibrosi.
- Cardiac valves (AV and semilunar): have endocardial folds and connective tissue cores.
- Purkinje fibers: modified cardiac muscle fibers that conduct electrical impulses, make up the impulse conducting system.
- SA node: cardiac pacemaker in right atrium, initiates signals.
- Internodal tracts: transmit signals from SA to AV node.
- AV bundle (of His): transmits from AV node to ventricles.
- Bundle branches: carry signal to ventricles.
Blood Vessels Histology
- Tunica intima: endothelium and subendothelium (internal elastic lamina in arteries).
- Tunica media: smooth muscle layer (external elastic lamina also in arteries).
- Tunica adventitia: connective tissue (containing, vasa vasorum).
- Arteries categorized by caliber:
- Small arteries (arterioles): thick walls, control blood flow to capillaries
- Medium arteries (muscular arteries): more muscle for distributing blood.
- Large arteries (elastic arteries): lots of elastic fibers for conducting blood, major conduits.
- Veins categorized by caliber:
- Small veins (venules): connect capillaries to larger veins.
- Medium veins: valves present.
- Large veins (e.g., vena cava): thinner media, thick adventitia.
- Capillaries: single layer of endothelial cells for exchange.
Capillaries
- Types: continuous (muscles, lungs, CNS, skin), fenestrated (GI tract, endocrine glands, kidneys), sinusoidal (liver, bone marrow, endocrine glands: for large substance exchange).
Lymph Vascular System
- Collects leaked fluid & plasma proteins from interstitial spaces.
- Lymph capillaries: smallest vessels.
- Lymph vessels: larger vessels containing lymph (milky substance with water, proteins, lymphocytes, and fat droplets).
- Lymphatic ducts: drain into veins near neck.
- Role in fluid balance.
Skin and Appendages
- Integumentary system: skin and associated structures.
- Layers: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
- Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium.
- Dermis: connective tissue with glands, blood vessels, nerves.
- Hypodermis: connective tissue anchoring the skin to underlying structures and containing adipose (fat) tissue).
- Appendages: hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails.
- Hair follicles: hair root and associated structures.
- Stratum corneum: outermost layer of keratinized cells.
- Keratinocytes are the main cell type.
- Melanocytes produce melanin for skin coloration.
- Langerhans cells are part of the immune system.
- Nails: heavily keratinized cells forming plates.
- Sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine (regulate body temperature).
- Sebaceous glands: secrete sebum for hair and skin lubrication.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge of the circulatory system, including its functions, components, and the differences between cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Understand how blood vessels operate and the role of the heart in circulation. This quiz will challenge your grasp of how our body transports essential nutrients and oxygen.
