Circulatory System in Animals and Plants

Normal Pulse Rate

• A resting person's normal pulse rate is typically between 60 and 100 beats per minute.

Blood Vessel Functions

• Arteries: Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.
• Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Platelets

• Platelets are responsible for blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding.

Pulse Locations

• You can feel your pulse at various points in your body, including your wrist, neck, and inner elbow.

Blood Circulation

• After collecting waste materials from the cells, the blood returns to the heart, where it is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.

Stethoscope Function

• A stethoscope is used to listen to the sounds of the heart and lungs.

Heartbeat Sounds

• Each heartbeat generates a pulse wave in the arteries, which can be heard with a stethoscope.

Stethoscope Structure

• The sensitive diaphragm of the stethoscope is located in the chest piece.

Heart Rate and Activity

• Normal: Between 60 and 100 beats per minute
• Light Exercise: Increases slightly
• Running: Significantly increases

Waste Removal in Animals

• Animals remove waste materials from their bodies through various processes, such as urination, defecation, and sweating.

Waste Removal Processes

• Undigested food is removed during defecation.

Xylem Function

• Xylem is the plant tissue responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Transpiration

• Transpiration, the evaporation of water from plant leaves, helps cool the plant and creates a suction pull to draw water up the stem.

Plant Nutrient Absorption

• Plants absorb water and minerals from the soil through their roots.

Plant Tissue Functions

• Roots: Absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
• Stem: Supports the plant and transports water and nutrients.
• Leaves: Carry out photosynthesis.

Sweat Function

• Sweat helps cool the body by evaporating from the skin.

Excretion in Humans

• Humans excrete a semi-solid waste product called uric acid, primarily produced by the breakdown of nucleic acids.

Earthen Pot Cooling

• The process of evaporative cooling, where water evaporates from the surface of an earthen pot, helps keep the water inside cool.

Fish Waste Products

• Aquatic animals like fishes excrete waste chemicals, primarily ammonia, into the water.

Waste Products and Animals

• Urea: Mammalian waste product.
• Uric Acid: Birds and reptiles.
• Ammonia: Aquatic animals.

Urine Excretion

• A healthy adult human typically passes about 1 to 2 liters of urine per day.

Kidney Failure

• Kidney failure can occur due to infections, injuries, or other factors, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the blood.

Human Excretory System

• The human excretory system is primarily composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Kidney Failure Waste Product

• The waste product that accumulates in the blood due to kidney failure is primarily urea.

Kidney Failure Consequences

• When a person's kidneys stop working, it can lead to a buildup of toxins in the blood, potentially causing death if left untreated.

Phloem Function

• Phloem is the plant tissue responsible for transporting food (sugars) produced during photosynthesis throughout the plant.

Plant Connections

• The vascular tissue, composed of xylem and phloem, connects the roots to the leaves in a plant.

Food Transport Tissue

• The specialized tissue responsible for transporting food in plants is called the phloem.

Plant Tissue Functions

• Xylem: Conducts water and minerals.
• Phloem: Conducts food (sugars).

Colored Water Experiment

• In an experiment where colored water is used, the water in the stem of the plant will turn the same color, demonstrating the movement of water through the xylem.

Vascular Tissue Composition

• Vascular tissue in plants is composed of both xylem and phloem.

Root Hair Function

• Root hairs increase the surface area of the root, allowing for more efficient absorption of water and minerals.

Water Conducting Tissue

• The part of the plant that conducts water is called the xylem.

Mineral Transport

• Minerals dissolved in water move up the plant through the xylem, driven by transpiration and root pressure.