Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the overall blood flow in circulation at rest?
What is the overall blood flow in circulation at rest?
- 10000 ml/minute
- 3000 ml/minute
- 7000 ml/minute
- 5000 ml/minute (correct)
How is blood flow related to effective perfusion pressure (ΔP)?
How is blood flow related to effective perfusion pressure (ΔP)?
- Directly proportional (correct)
- Constant regardless of ΔP
- Unrelated
- Inversely proportional
What effect does an increase in the resistance of blood vessels have on blood flow?
What effect does an increase in the resistance of blood vessels have on blood flow?
- Decreases blood flow (correct)
- Maintains blood flow
- Increases blood flow
- Eliminates blood flow
Which of the following factors is directly proportional to the resistance in blood flow?
Which of the following factors is directly proportional to the resistance in blood flow?
Which factor does NOT determine the resistance faced by blood flow?
Which factor does NOT determine the resistance faced by blood flow?
If the radius of a blood vessel decreases, what will happen to the resistance and blood flow?
If the radius of a blood vessel decreases, what will happen to the resistance and blood flow?
What is the formula used to determine blood flow in relation to effective perfusion pressure and resistance?
What is the formula used to determine blood flow in relation to effective perfusion pressure and resistance?
Which factor is inversely proportional to resistance in blood flow?
Which factor is inversely proportional to resistance in blood flow?
What is the primary characteristic of laminar blood flow?
What is the primary characteristic of laminar blood flow?
Which of the following methods for measuring blood flow is considered direct?
Which of the following methods for measuring blood flow is considered direct?
Under which condition does turbulent blood flow most likely occur?
Under which condition does turbulent blood flow most likely occur?
How does resistance change when the radius of a blood vessel is reduced to half its original size?
How does resistance change when the radius of a blood vessel is reduced to half its original size?
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with an increase in blood viscosity?
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with an increase in blood viscosity?
Fick's principle states that blood flow to an organ is calculated by which of the following?
Fick's principle states that blood flow to an organ is calculated by which of the following?
What is a defining feature of turbulent flow as compared to laminar flow?
What is a defining feature of turbulent flow as compared to laminar flow?
What is the primary site of resistance to blood flow in the vascular system?
What is the primary site of resistance to blood flow in the vascular system?
Which flow meter method relies on sound waves to determine blood flow?
Which flow meter method relies on sound waves to determine blood flow?
In the Poiseuille equation, what is the relationship between viscosity and resistance?
In the Poiseuille equation, what is the relationship between viscosity and resistance?
What is the Reynolds number threshold that signifies laminar flow?
What is the Reynolds number threshold that signifies laminar flow?
What effect does polycythemia have on blood viscosity and resistance?
What effect does polycythemia have on blood viscosity and resistance?
In which scenario is the blood flow most likely to be turbulent?
In which scenario is the blood flow most likely to be turbulent?
Which statement about the effect of vessel length on blood resistance is true?
Which statement about the effect of vessel length on blood resistance is true?
Which system primarily controls the diameter of arterioles?
Which system primarily controls the diameter of arterioles?
According to the Poiseuille equation, what factor has the most significant impact on resistance to blood flow?
According to the Poiseuille equation, what factor has the most significant impact on resistance to blood flow?
What happens to blood flow if the radius of a blood vessel is decreased by 75%?
What happens to blood flow if the radius of a blood vessel is decreased by 75%?
Which of the following factors has the least impact on blood viscosity?
Which of the following factors has the least impact on blood viscosity?
What happens to blood flow when the perfusion pressure (ΔP) increases significantly?
What happens to blood flow when the perfusion pressure (ΔP) increases significantly?
How does increased plasma protein concentration affect blood resistance?
How does increased plasma protein concentration affect blood resistance?
Which characteristic of blood flow is directly influenced by the viscosity of blood?
Which characteristic of blood flow is directly influenced by the viscosity of blood?
How does the length of a blood vessel affect resistance?
How does the length of a blood vessel affect resistance?
What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in arteriolar function?
What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in arteriolar function?
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between viscosity and blood flow?
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between viscosity and blood flow?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between blood viscosity and flow?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between blood viscosity and flow?
Which factor directly contributes to the resistance encountered in blood flow according to the Poiseuille equation?
Which factor directly contributes to the resistance encountered in blood flow according to the Poiseuille equation?
Which factor would most likely lead to decreased blood flow in the circulatory system?
Which factor would most likely lead to decreased blood flow in the circulatory system?
Which of the following accurately reflects the relationship between resistance and blood flow?
Which of the following accurately reflects the relationship between resistance and blood flow?
What is the impact of hemoconcentration on resistance and blood flow?
What is the impact of hemoconcentration on resistance and blood flow?
What is a primary determinant of effective perfusion pressure (ΔP) in the vascular system?
What is a primary determinant of effective perfusion pressure (ΔP) in the vascular system?
Which of the following accurately describes the effect of blood vessel length on blood flow?
Which of the following accurately describes the effect of blood vessel length on blood flow?
Which of the following statements regarding blood flow and vessel radius is true?
Which of the following statements regarding blood flow and vessel radius is true?
Which method of measuring blood flow does NOT involve direct measurement?
Which method of measuring blood flow does NOT involve direct measurement?
Under what condition is turbulent blood flow most likely to occur?
Under what condition is turbulent blood flow most likely to occur?
What is the Reynolds number threshold that typically indicates turbulent flow?
What is the Reynolds number threshold that typically indicates turbulent flow?
Fick's principle describes blood flow in relation to which of the following?
Fick's principle describes blood flow in relation to which of the following?
What happens to the velocity of blood flow in laminar flow as you move towards the vessel's center?
What happens to the velocity of blood flow in laminar flow as you move towards the vessel's center?
Which condition is associated with a Reynolds number less than 2000?
Which condition is associated with a Reynolds number less than 2000?
How does venous occlusion plethysmography measure blood flow?
How does venous occlusion plethysmography measure blood flow?
Which characteristic distinguishes true isoenzymes from multiple forms produced by post-translational modifications?
Which characteristic distinguishes true isoenzymes from multiple forms produced by post-translational modifications?
What is the composition of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)?
What is the composition of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding creatine kinase (CK)?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding creatine kinase (CK)?
What distinguishes lactate dehydrogenase from other enzymes in terms of its structure?
What distinguishes lactate dehydrogenase from other enzymes in terms of its structure?
In terms of electrophoretic mobility, how do true isoenzymes differ from multiple forms of the same enzyme?
In terms of electrophoretic mobility, how do true isoenzymes differ from multiple forms of the same enzyme?
Which type of plasma enzymes are present in higher concentrations compared to tissues?
Which type of plasma enzymes are present in higher concentrations compared to tissues?
What is the primary characteristic of non-functional plasma enzymes?
What is the primary characteristic of non-functional plasma enzymes?
Which of the following enzymes is primarily associated with liver diseases?
Which of the following enzymes is primarily associated with liver diseases?
What can cause an increase in enzyme concentration in plasma?
What can cause an increase in enzyme concentration in plasma?
Which plasma enzyme is primarily responsible for indicating heart diseases?
Which plasma enzyme is primarily responsible for indicating heart diseases?
What is one of the assumed reasons for the release of enzymes into the blood?
What is one of the assumed reasons for the release of enzymes into the blood?
Which condition is NOT associated with an elevation in the concentration of lactate dehydrogenase?
Which condition is NOT associated with an elevation in the concentration of lactate dehydrogenase?
Which of the following statements best describes functional plasma enzymes?
Which of the following statements best describes functional plasma enzymes?
Which isoenzyme is primarily associated with increases in myocardial infarction?
Which isoenzyme is primarily associated with increases in myocardial infarction?
In which condition would you expect to see an increase in creatine kinase (CK) levels?
In which condition would you expect to see an increase in creatine kinase (CK) levels?
What is the clinical significance of isoenzymes?
What is the clinical significance of isoenzymes?
Which isoenzyme is primarily linked to an increase in blood diseases?
Which isoenzyme is primarily linked to an increase in blood diseases?
Which enzyme is associated with skeletal muscle diseases?
Which enzyme is associated with skeletal muscle diseases?
What role do isoenzymes play in the diagnosis of diseases?
What role do isoenzymes play in the diagnosis of diseases?
Which isoenzyme should be monitored in cases of viral hepatitis?
Which isoenzyme should be monitored in cases of viral hepatitis?
Which conditions can lead to an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)?
Which conditions can lead to an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)?
Flashcards
Blood Flow
Blood Flow
The volume of blood that flows through a specific point in the circulatory system within a specific time period.
Effective Perfusion Pressure
Effective Perfusion Pressure
Equal to the difference between the pressure at the arterial end of a blood vessel minus the pressure at the venous end.
Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure Relationship
Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure Relationship
The amount of blood flow is directly proportional to the effective perfusion pressure. This means that if the pressure difference increases, the blood flow also increases.
Blood Flow and Resistance Relationship
Blood Flow and Resistance Relationship
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Blood Vessel Radius and Resistance
Blood Vessel Radius and Resistance
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Blood Viscosity and Resistance
Blood Viscosity and Resistance
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Blood Vessel Length and Resistance
Blood Vessel Length and Resistance
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output
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Electromagnetic flow meter
Electromagnetic flow meter
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Ultrasonic flow meter
Ultrasonic flow meter
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Venous occlusion plethysmography
Venous occlusion plethysmography
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Laminar blood flow
Laminar blood flow
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Turbulent blood flow
Turbulent blood flow
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Reynold's number
Reynold's number
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Critical velocity
Critical velocity
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Blood flow murmur
Blood flow murmur
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Resistance and Radius Relationship
Resistance and Radius Relationship
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Radius and Blood Flow Reduction
Radius and Blood Flow Reduction
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Arterioles and Blood Flow Resistance
Arterioles and Blood Flow Resistance
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Arteriolar Diameter Control
Arteriolar Diameter Control
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Viscosity and Blood Flow Resistance
Viscosity and Blood Flow Resistance
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Hematocrit and Blood Viscosity
Hematocrit and Blood Viscosity
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Plasma Proteins and Blood Viscosity
Plasma Proteins and Blood Viscosity
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Length and Blood Flow Resistance
Length and Blood Flow Resistance
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Resistance of Blood Vessels
Resistance of Blood Vessels
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Resistance and Blood Flow Relationship
Resistance and Blood Flow Relationship
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Radius of Blood Vessel
Radius of Blood Vessel
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Viscosity of Blood
Viscosity of Blood
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Length of Blood Vessels
Length of Blood Vessels
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Isoenzymes
Isoenzymes
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Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
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True Genetic Variants (True Isoenzymes)
True Genetic Variants (True Isoenzymes)
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Multiple Forms - Post-Translational Modification (Isoenzymes)
Multiple Forms - Post-Translational Modification (Isoenzymes)
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Creatine Kinase (CK)
Creatine Kinase (CK)
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What are Isoenzymes?
What are Isoenzymes?
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How can isoenzymes be used for diagnosis?
How can isoenzymes be used for diagnosis?
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What does elevated LDH indicate?
What does elevated LDH indicate?
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What does elevated CK indicate?
What does elevated CK indicate?
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What specifically does elevated CK-MB indicate?
What specifically does elevated CK-MB indicate?
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What specifically does elevated CK-BB indicate?
What specifically does elevated CK-BB indicate?
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What specifically does elevated CK-MM indicate?
What specifically does elevated CK-MM indicate?
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Why are isoenzymes important for diagnosis?
Why are isoenzymes important for diagnosis?
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Functional plasma enzymes
Functional plasma enzymes
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Non-functional plasma enzymes
Non-functional plasma enzymes
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Non-functional plasma enzymes: Examples
Non-functional plasma enzymes: Examples
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Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
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Increased enzyme levels: Blockage
Increased enzyme levels: Blockage
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Increased enzyme levels: Cell damage
Increased enzyme levels: Cell damage
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Study Notes
Blood Flow
- Blood flow is the quantity of blood passing a given point in the circulatory system per unit time, typically measured in milliliters or liters per minute.
- The overall blood flow at rest is 5000 ml/minute, which equals cardiac output.
- Blood flow (Q) is equal to perfusion pressure (P) divided by resistance (R).
- Blood flow is expressed in milliliters or liters per minute.
Factors Affecting Blood Flow Rate
- Two major factors influencing blood flow are effective perfusion pressure (ΔP) and resistance of blood vessels.
- Effective perfusion pressure is the difference in pressure between the arterial and venous ends of a blood vessel.
- Blood flow is directly proportional to the perfusion pressure; as perfusion pressure increases, blood flow increases.
- Blood flow is inversely proportional to resistance. Increased resistance decreases blood flow.
Resistance of Blood Vessels
- Resistance is the difficulty the blood encounters during its flow through the vessels.
- Resistance is inversely related to vessel radius raised to the fourth power (1/r4). A smaller radius means greater resistance.
- Resistance is directly proportional to blood viscosity and vessel length.
Factors Determining Resistance
- Vessel radius: Resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius. A smaller radius significantly increases resistance.
- Blood viscosity: Resistance is directly proportional to blood viscosity. Higher viscosity means greater resistance.
- Vessel length: Resistance is directly proportional to vessel length. Longer vessels offer more resistance.
Poiseuille's Equation
-
The equation that describes the relationship between flow, pressure, vessel radius, viscosity, and length is Poiseuille's equation:
Q = (πr<sup>4</sup>ΔP) / (8ηL)where:
-
Q = flow
-
r = radius of the blood vessel
-
ΔP = pressure difference
-
η = viscosity of blood
-
L = length of the blood vessel
Vessel Radius
- Resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius.
- If the radius is reduced to half its original value, blood flow decreases to 1/16 of its previous value.
- Arteriolar diameter is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, various drugs, and hormones.
Blood Viscosity
- Blood viscosity is the ability of a substance to resist changes in shape.
- Blood viscosity is directly proportional to resistance and inversely proportional to blood flow.
- Factors affecting blood viscosity include hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood) and plasma proteins. Higher hematocrit and higher plasma proteins result in increased viscosity.
- Increased hematocrit increases blood viscosity and reduces flow.
Length of Blood Vessel
- Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the blood vessel.
- The length of blood vessels is generally fixed in the body, so changes in length do not significantly affect flow.
Methods for Measuring Blood Flow
- Direct methods: Electromagnetic flow meters, ultrasonic flow meters, venous occlusion plethysmography.
- Indirect methods: Fick's principle can be used to estimate blood flow to an organ. Flow (F) = Q / (A-V).
Laminar vs. Turbulent Blood Flow
- Laminar flow is smooth and streamline flow.
- Turbulent flow is irregular and crosswise, generating eddy currents.
- Laminar flow occurs at relatively low velocities, while turbulent flow occurs at higher velocities or under conditions that increase resistance.
- Reynolds number (< 2000) predicts laminar flow, while a number > 3000 predicts turbulent flow.
- Turbulent flow is characterized by the production of murmurs (sounds).
Reynolds Number
- The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless number that predicts the probability of turbulence.
- The higher the Reynolds number, the greater the probability of turbulence.
- A Reynolds number < 2000 indicates laminar flow; > 3000, turbulent flow.
- Factors like increased velocity, reduced viscosity (e.g., anemia), and changes in vessel diameter can cause turbulence.
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