Circular vs Linear Economy: Green Chemistry Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of Green Chemistry?

  • To promote traditional chemical practices
  • To increase the production of hazardous substances
  • To eliminate all chemical products
  • To maximize the benefits of chemistry while minimizing its adverse impacts (correct)

    • Who coined the phrase 'Green Chemistry'?

  • The staff of the EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxins (correct)
  • The staff of the EPA Office of Toxic Substances
  • Environmental activists in Chicago
  • Scientists from the academic community

    • Which aspect does Green Chemistry NOT focus on?

  • The design of chemical products
  • The ultimate disposal of chemical products
  • Maximizing the generation of hazardous waste (correct)
  • The manufacturing processes of chemical products

    • Green Chemistry applies throughout which phase(s) of a chemical product's life cycle?

    <p>The design, manufacture, use, and disposal phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the EPA promote through Green Chemistry?

    <p>Innovative chemical technology that reduces or eliminates hazardous substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a circular economy?

    <p>Using raw materials to create a product, utilizing it, and then disposing of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which incident is associated with the beginning of raising awareness about chemical pollution?

    <p>Love Canal incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change did the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 bring?

    <p>Marked the transition from pollution control to pollution prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who co-authored the influential book 'Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice'?

    <p>John C. Warner and Paul Anastas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key focus of the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics established within the EPA?

    <p>Facilitating goals in environmental pollution control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these chemical compounds was specifically mentioned in the context of the Love Canal incident?

    <p>Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary philosophy of Green Chemistry?

    <p>To design chemical processes that minimize environmental impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year marked the establishment of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?

    <p>1970</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following principles focuses on avoiding waste generation?

    <p>Prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary themes of Rachel Carson's book 'Silent Spring'?

    <p>The effects of chemical pesticides on ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sustainable chemical manufacturing differ from typical chemical manufacturing?

    <p>It employs long-life catalysts and renewable feedstocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major goal of designing chemical products in Green Chemistry?

    <p>To reduce the hazards associated with chemical products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is included in the principles of Green Chemistry to maximize resource use?

    <p>Maximizing atom economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sustainable chemical manufacturing, why is it recommended to use benign solvents?

    <p>To reduce the environmental impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does source reduction in Green Chemistry aim to achieve?

    <p>Prevent the generation of pollution at the molecular level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is manufacturing products close to where they are needed important in sustainable practices?

    <p>It reduces transportation costs and emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is LD50 a measure of?

    <p>The dose of a chemical at which 50% of a group of test animals are killed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a lower LD50 or LC50 value indicate about a chemical?

    <p>The chemical is more toxic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does the Ames Test serve?

    <p>To assess the potential carcinogenic effects of chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the chemical Bu4SnH mentioned?

    <p>It is an organotin compound known for its neurotoxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organism is primarily used in the Ames Test for mutation observation?

    <p>Salmonella typhimurium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of choosing substances in a chemical process?

    <p>To minimize potential chemical accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does atom economy primarily measure?

    <p>The efficiency of atoms in reaching the final product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about atom economy when considering a reaction?

    <p>It disregards solvents and chemicals in the stoichiometric equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a reaction that achieves 100% atom economy?

    <p>No leftover reactants or byproducts occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is percent yield calculated?

    <p>It compares actual quantity of products to theoretical quantity achievable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately defines a rearrangement reaction?

    <p>It is catalyzed by stoichiometric amounts of Lewis acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be an unfortunate outcome of using a large amount of catalyst in a chemical reaction?

    <p>Excessive waste production after work-up processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding desired product yield and byproducts is correct?

    <p>High yield of desired products often implies low byproducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Circular Economy vs Linear Economy

    • Industries use raw materials to produce products, utilize them, and eventually dispose of them.

    History of Green Chemistry

    • The Love Canal incident in Niagara Falls involved the dumping of 22,000 tons of chemical waste, including polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin, and pesticides.
    • Rachel Carson wrote the book Silent Spring, which brought environmental issues into the mainstream.
    • President Richard Nixon established the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970.
    • The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 shifted regulatory policy from pollution control to pollution prevention.
    • The Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics was established within the EPA in the late 1970s to facilitate environmental goals.
    • The European Community's Chemistry Council published papers in the early 1990s, including “Chemistry for a Clean World.”
    • Paul Anastas and John C. Warner co-authored the book Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice in 1998.
    • The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry were developed in 1998.
    • Staff of the EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxins coined the phrase "Green Chemistry" in 1994.

    Green Chemistry

    • Green chemistry emphasizes chemical knowledge within the context of human well-being and environmental impact.
    • It involves the practice of chemistry in a way that maximizes benefits and greatly reduces adverse impacts.
    • It promotes innovative chemical technologies that minimize the use or generation of hazardous substances throughout the chemical product lifecycle.

    Principles of Green Chemistry

    • Prevention of pollution: Focus on preventing waste generation instead of cleaning it up afterward.
    • Atom Economy: Design synthetic methods that maximize the use of materials, minimizing waste.
    • Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention: Choose substances and forms that minimize the risk of accidents like releases, explosions, and fires.

    Atom Economy

    • Atom economy measures the percentage of reactant atoms that end up in the final product.
    • Higher atom economy means less waste and more efficient use of materials.
    • It disregards the contribution of solvents or chemicals used in the reaction work-up, which are not included in the stoichiometric equation.

    Atom Economy: Atom Economic Reactions

    • Rearrangement reactions tend to be atom-economic, since all atoms of the reactant are incorporated into the product.
    • Catalyzed reactions may have drawbacks if the catalyst is used in stoichiometric amounts, leading to significant waste.

    Reducing Toxicity: Measuring Toxicity

    • LD50 (Lethal Dose): The dose of a chemical that kills 50% of a test group of animals. Measured in mg/Kg.
    • LC50 (Lethal Concentration): The concentration of a chemical in air or water that kills 50% of the test animals. Measured in ppm or mg/m3.

    Reducing Toxicity: Measuring Toxicity

    • Ames Test: Used to screen for potential carcinogens. It observes mutations in the bacterium Salmonella tryphimurium, which carries a defective gene preventing histidine synthesis. Mutagenic chemicals induce mutations, allowing the bacteria to synthesize histidine and grow.

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    Green Chemistry Principles and Concepts PDF

    Description

    Explore the key principles of circular and linear economies, highlighting their impact on industries. This quiz also traces the history of green chemistry, covering significant events and legislation such as the Love Canal incident, Silent Spring, and the establishment of the EPA.

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