Circuit Analysis Quiz

Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current × Resistance)
Kirchhoff’s Laws:
- KVL (Kirchhoff's Voltage Law): The sum of the electrical potential differences around any closed network is zero.
- KCL (Kirchhoff's Current Law): The sum of currents entering a junction must equal the sum of currents leaving.
Circuit Components:
- Resistors: Oppose current flow, characterized by resistance (Ohms).
- Capacitors: Store energy in an electric field, characterized by capacitance (Farads).
- Inductors: Store energy in a magnetic field, characterized by inductance (Henrys).
AC vs. DC Circuits:
- DC (Direct Current): Constant current direction.
- AC (Alternating Current): Current direction changes periodically.
Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems:
- Thevenin’s: Simplifies a network to a single voltage source and a series resistor.
- Norton’s: Simplifies a network to a current source and a parallel resistor.
Transient Analysis: Study of circuit response to a change in voltage or current; involves differential equations.

Control System Types:
- Open-Loop Control: No feedback; output not monitored.
- Closed-Loop Control: Uses feedback to adjust inputs for desired output.
Key Terms:
- Transfer Function: Ratio of output to input in the Laplace domain.
- Stability: The ability of a system to return to equilibrium after a disturbance.
- Gain: Amplification factor of the control system.
PID Controller:
- Proportional (P): Controls current error.
- Integral (I): Accounts for past errors.
- Derivative (D): Predicts future errors based on the rate of change.
State-Space Representation: A mathematical model of a system using state variables.
Bode Plots: Graphical representation of a system’s frequency response.

Semiconductors: Materials with electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators; key for diodes and transistors.
Diodes: Allow current to flow in one direction; used for rectification.
Transistors: Act as switches or amplifiers; types include Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) and Field-Effect Transistor (FET).
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps):
- High-gain voltage amplifiers with differential inputs.
- Used in filtering, signal conditioning, and mathematical operations.
Digital Electronics:
- Involves logic gates, flip-flops, and microcontrollers.
- Uses binary number system (0s and 1s) to perform computations.
Integrated Circuits (ICs): Miniaturized electronic circuits combining various components into a single package, enhancing efficiency and reducing space.

Ohm's Law: Fundamental relationship in electrical circuits where Voltage (V) equals Current (I) multiplied by Resistance (R).
Kirchhoff’s Laws:
- KVL: States that the total voltage around a closed circuit loop must equal zero, illustrating the conservation of energy.
- KCL: States that at any junction in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents entering must equal the sum of currents leaving, representing conservation of charge.
Circuit Components:
- Resistors: Components that resist current flow, measured in Ohms (Ω).
- Capacitors: Devices that store electrical energy in an electric field, rated in Farads (F).
- Inductors: Components that store energy in a magnetic field, characterized by their inductance measured in Henries (H).
AC vs. DC Circuits:
- DC: Current flows in a single, constant direction.
- AC: Current periodically changes direction, often used in power supply systems.
Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems:
- Thevenin’s Theorem: Simplifies a complex network into a single voltage source in series with a resistor.
- Norton’s Theorem: Converts a network into an equivalent current source in parallel with a resistor.
Transient Analysis: Involves evaluating how circuits respond to changes in voltage or current over time, often using differential equations for analysis.

Control System Types:
- Open-Loop Control: System operates without feedback, output is not measured or adjusted.
- Closed-Loop Control: Utilizes feedback to modify inputs and achieve the desired output.
Key Terms:
- Transfer Function: A mathematical expression of the relationship between an output and an input in the Laplace (frequency) domain.
- Stability: A system's capacity to return to its equilibrium state after a disturbance; critical for system reliability.
- Gain: Represents the amplification factor, indicating how much the output signal will be increased.
PID Controller:
- Proportional (P): Reacts to present error by adjusting output based on the current difference.
- Integral (I): Accounts for accumulated past errors, correcting systematic bias in the output.
- Derivative (D): Anticipates future errors by evaluating the rate of change in error, helping to dampen oscillations.
State-Space Representation: A representation of a physical system using state variables, facilitating analysis and design.
Bode Plots: Graphs that illustrate a system's frequency response, showing how gain and phase shift changes with frequency.

Semiconductors: Materials that have conductivity between conductors and insulators, crucial for modern electronic components like diodes and transistors.
Diodes: Allow unidirectional current flow, primarily used for converting AC to DC (rectification).
Transistors: Semiconductor devices acting as electronic switches or amplifiers; includes Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) and Field-Effect Transistors (FETs).
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps): High-gain voltage amplifiers with differential inputs; essential for various applications including signal filtering and conditioning.
Digital Electronics: Focuses on logic gates, flip-flops, and microcontrollers; utilizes binary data representation (0s and 1s) for computation.
Integrated Circuits (ICs): Compact electronic circuits that combine multiple components into one package, improving efficiency and space utilization.