Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the correct magnetic quantum number (ml) for a 2p-orbital?
What is the correct magnetic quantum number (ml) for a 2p-orbital?
- -1 (correct)
- 0 (correct)
- 1 (correct)
- -1 (correct)
- Neither -1 nor +1 can occur for ml values with l=2.
- None of the above
An s-orbital has a dumbbell shape.
An s-orbital has a dumbbell shape.
False (B)
How many total orbitals are associated with l = 2?
How many total orbitals are associated with l = 2?
five
The shape of p-orbitals is often described as __________.
The shape of p-orbitals is often described as __________.
Match the orbital types with their characteristics:
Match the orbital types with their characteristics:
What is the angular momentum quantum number for an s-orbital?
What is the angular momentum quantum number for an s-orbital?
The 2s orbital has a higher energy level than the 3s orbital.
The 2s orbital has a higher energy level than the 3s orbital.
What shape do p-orbitals take?
What shape do p-orbitals take?
The total number of orbitals for a d-subshell is ______.
The total number of orbitals for a d-subshell is ______.
Match the following quantum numbers with their corresponding meanings:
Match the following quantum numbers with their corresponding meanings:
Which of the following statements about electron probability densities is true?
Which of the following statements about electron probability densities is true?
Degenerate orbitals have different energies.
Degenerate orbitals have different energies.
What is the magnetic quantum number (ml) for a 3p orbital?
What is the magnetic quantum number (ml) for a 3p orbital?
What is the shape of the 1s-orbital?
What is the shape of the 1s-orbital?
The 2s-orbital has both positive and negative values throughout its volume.
The 2s-orbital has both positive and negative values throughout its volume.
What quantum number represents the shape and type of orbital?
What quantum number represents the shape and type of orbital?
The probability of finding an electron in a specific volume is proportional to __________.
The probability of finding an electron in a specific volume is proportional to __________.
What is the primary characteristic of p-orbitals?
What is the primary characteristic of p-orbitals?
At what probability level does the boundary surface for the 1s-orbital typically enclose the electron?
At what probability level does the boundary surface for the 1s-orbital typically enclose the electron?
Match the quantum number with its significance:
Match the quantum number with its significance:
The electron density cloud of the 2s-orbital approaches __________ as it moves away from the nucleus.
The electron density cloud of the 2s-orbital approaches __________ as it moves away from the nucleus.
Study Notes
Atomic Orbitals
- Atomic orbitals are mathematical functions that describe the wave-like behavior of electrons in atoms.
- Probability of finding an electron is high within the orbital's boundary surface.
- Degenerate orbitals have the same energy level.
- Orthogonal functions are independent of each other; they do not interfere.
p-orbital shapes
- p-orbitals have a dumbbell shape, with a node at the nucleus.
- p-orbitals are oriented along the x, y, or z axes.
- p-orbital designation:
2pz: n = 2, l = 1, ml = 03pz: n = 3, l = 1, ml = 04pz: n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0
d-orbitals
- d-orbitals have more complex shapes than s and p orbitals.
- d-orbitals have five different shapes, designated as dxy, dxz, dyz, dz^2, and dx^2-y^2.
Quantum Numbers
- Principal quantum number (n) describes the energy level of an electron.
- Angular momentum quantum number (l) describes the shape of an electron's orbital.
l = 0: s-orbital (spherical)l = 1: p-orbital (dumbbell)l = 2: d-orbital (complex)l = 3: f-orbital (complex)
- Magnetic quantum number (ml) defines the orientation of the orbital in space.
ml = -l, -l+1, -l+2, ….., +l
- Number of orbitals for a given l value:
l = 0: 1 s-orbitall = 1: 3 p-orbitalsl = 2: 5 d-orbitalsl = 3: 7 f-orbitals
Energy Levels
- Schrodinger equation is used to calculate the energies of atomic orbitals.
- Energy level of the hydrogen atom is determined by the principal quantum number (n) only.
Orbital Size and "Atomic Radius"
- Probability of finding an electron at a specific distance from the nucleus is defined by the atomic orbital.
- 99% probability boundary surface encloses the area where the electron is most likely to be found.
- Atomic radius is a measure of the size of an atom.
- Average distance of an electron from the nucleus can be calculated.
s-orbital shapes
- s-orbitals are spherical in shape.
- 2s-orbital has a radial node, where the probability of finding the electron is zero.
p-orbital properties
- p-orbitals have a dumbbell shape.
- p-orbitals are oriented along the x, y, or z axes.
- Probability of finding the electron is zero in the nodal plane.
- 2p-orbitals (2px, 2py, 2pz) have a dumbbell shape with two lobes.
Visualizing Atomic Orbitals
- Boundary surface represents a 99% probability contour, where the electron is most likely to be found.
- Boundary surface provides a visual representation of the shape and orientation of the atomic orbital.
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