TEMA 4. INCENDIOS URBANOS II

Actions and procedures to decrease fire gases flammability, pyrolysis rate, and temperature, improve visibility and breathing, and locate victims inside a building during a fire.

The fire commander's approach to using coordinated firefighting techniques to resolve a fire.

Using water to change the fire dynamic, cool down the fire, and dilute fire gases through vapor.

Extinguishing fire by flooding the area with water from outside, without aiming the water jet directly at the fire.

Safety for firefighters, as they don't need to enter the building directly, and allows an exterior attack point.

Reduced visibility due to water vapor, potential for burns if victims are present, and risk of spreading gases.

The process of chemical decomposition of fuel/combustible materials by heat.

Measure of a fire gas's tendency or ability to ignite.

A fire suppression technique that targets the combustion process by creating a water vapor environment to cool down and dampen the fire.

Fire suppression method utilizing water vapor to reduce the temperature of the fire environment, thereby inhibiting the combustion process.

The rate of water flow. Measures water volume per unit time.

The angle of the water stream ejected from a fire hose nozzle.

A fire suppression technique that aims to extinguish the burning material by directly applying water.

Water's ability to absorb heat, lowering the temperature of burning materials.

The chemical breakdown of organic materials at high temperatures.

The specific point or area of greatest combustion.

The type of approach utilized in fire suppression (Direct or Indirect).

A difference in temperature or heat intensity in a fire environment.

A fire hose nozzle movement style where the jet moves in a 'T' shape for targeted and even application.

A circular pattern of the fire hose nozzle for wider spread coverage to reach various parts of the fire.

To completely cover an area with water (or vapor), often to put out a fire.

The rhythm at which fire hoses are turned on and off in a firefighting technique.

Precautions to be taken during fire suppression, considering potential hazards and risks.

Maximizing water evaporation from fuel, forming a thin water film, and minimizing runoff to effectively cool and extinguish the fire.

Preventing water from flowing away from the fire, instead allowing it to absorb heat and cool the fuel.

Extinguishing fire by directly cooling burning surfaces and interrupting pyrolysis.

Water flow rate, measured in liters per minute (lpm).

Fire attack technique reducing flammable gases to create a safer environment for firefighters.

Rapid fire development, a sudden increase in fire intensity.

Sudden, violent fire expansion caused by a sudden influx of air into a confined space.

Reducing fire intensity from outside a building to make interior progression safer.

Movement of gases in and out of a building or structure.

The level where the fire and extinguishing mediums are balanced.

Period after water application to allow for thermal equilibrium and better visibility evaluation for further actions

Location of the firefighter when implementing fire extinguishing actions

The angle of the water spray from the fire hose.

The speed and volume at which water is applied to the fire

The gaseous phase of water.

Two phases: assess interior conditions (height, temp, gases, ventilation, visibility, and ignition sources); reduce hazards through cooling/dilution of gas cloud

Evaluating height, temperature, gas color and density, ventilation, visibility, and fire ignition points inside a building

Cooling or diluting the gas cloud to lessen danger and improve conditions

The ideal flow rate of water to effectively extinguish a fire with minimal water use

Factors influencing water use during firefights include fire intensity, fuel type, ventilation, and firestage

Maximum water flow available from a fire hose.

Minimum water flow needed to extinguish a fire.

Methods to manage airflow in a fire, ranging from full containment to forced ventilation.

Restricting airflow to a fire to limit its growth.

Preventing the spread of fire gases to other parts of the building.

Protecting key areas (e.g., stairwells, hallways) from fire gases

A method for assessing interior fire conditions before entry

Adjust water use based on fire dynamics and temperature changes during fire suppression

Total volume of water used during a firefighting operation

Fire with insufficient air supply, thus causing violent reactions to ventilation measures.

Blocking fire's access to air by sealing off areas, using barriers like portable curtains.

Rapid fire spread causing intense heat and flames across the entire compartment.

Technique to control fire by positioning a firefighter at a door, keeping it slightly ajar to allow hose access.

Devices used to block smoke and improve visibility during building entry.

Using pressure differences created by fire to exhaust gases, focusing on improving visibility and reducing temperatures.

Creating an air flow by making openings at different levels to direct gas flow upwards.

Creating a through-flow by making openings at the same level.

Effectiveness of ventilation based on pressure differences, opening size and the relationship between incoming and outgoing air.

Small fires with contained fuel sources permitting quick access to ignition point.

The difference in air pressure that drives gas removal by natural ventilation.

The proportion between sizes of the opening allowing gas or air into, and out of, a compartment.

Creating an opening on the roof for gas removal utilizing the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the building

An air control method used inside building for fire safety

The removal of smoke from a compartment or building

Ratio of exhaust to fresh air intake during ventilation; incorrect ratio can negatively impact fire suppression effectiveness.

Positioning gas outlet close to fire source minimizes friction loss and prevents fire spread along hot paths.

Ventilation strategy used when vertical access is limited; creates bidirectional airflow, with colder air below and hot gases above.

Lower effectiveness, no free gas path to source, and firefighters work within a layer of hot gases.

The size of the opening for gas release; larger openings cause greater bidirectional airflow.

Higher openings create better pressure differentials for gas removal.

Using mechanical fans to propel gases out of a structure; airflow is influenced by the fans.

Creates positive pressure in a structure by placing a fan at the entrance; forcing hot gases out.

Creates a negative pressure using an extractor fan to draw hot gases out, safer place for firefighter

Firefighters face risks near the extractor. Lower performance for same fan size.

The process designed to either control or increase the flow of gases to help control the fire

Ventilation efficiency is measured by the rate and volume of gas leaving an area, with higher rates correlating to better results.

Ventilation technique utilizing height differences to create a unidirectional gas flow through the building

Devices that transform horizontal ventilation into vertical ventilation, improving safety of firefighters.

Explosion engines are unsuitable for ventilation systems due to exhaust gases hindering internal engine functions.

Ventilation systems categorized by propulsion types: thermal, electric (grid, battery), and hydraulic.

Ventilation devices powered by explosion engines, portable or vehicle-mounted. Relatively lightweight and autonomous.

Powered by an electrical grid, quiet, ATEX-compliant and usable as extractors. Dependent on electricity supply.

Battery-powered, low power and limited autonomy, not a primary option but a useful auxiliary tool.

Turbine-driven; water-powered, avoids exhaust gases issue, but deployment requires logistics.

Uses water jets to create a pressure difference and pull smoke out, limited performance, but feasible for final stages.

Ventilation where the airflow avoids the fire, does not add oxygen to the fire.

Ventilation where air passes through the fire providing fresh air and increasing fire growth in some situations (fire type dependent).

Creates positive pressure to push fumes out of a building while keeping the fire contained.

Confinement, Opening smoke exit, introducing fresh air, starting ventilation, evaluating, rapid interior progression, and search/rescue.

Ventilation tactics are categorized by the path of the gases, either defensive or offensive.

Creating a higher air pressure inside a structure to push smoke out.

A technique using a fan to create a gas flow through a fire, improving conditions for firefighters' entry.

Difference in pressure between two locations, causing gas flow from high to low pressure.

Blocking fire gases from escaping to prevent their spread and the building from catching fire (outside affected zones).

Method of using fans to create a pressure difference in a building to control fire gases.

Increased clarity during a fire, enabling faster access to victims and escape routes.

A positive pressure ventilation improves survivability of victims.

Replacing hot fire gases with cool air reduces temperature, allowing easier entry.

Removing fire gases from the building reduces amount of fuel available.

Quick introduction of fresh air to minimise mixing with fire gases, creating better conditions.

Increasing pressure in an area away from the fire to block the spread of fire gases.

The formation of a wedge of cold air when rapidly ventilating a building, pushing the hot gases upwards.

Coordinating ventilation with water application techniques to most effectively use both methods to extinguish a fire.

Avoiding situations where sudden air intake could cause a violent fire expansion.

Técnica que protege de la propagación del incendio por convección, evitando que los gases escapen al exterior.

Crean un flujo de aire a alta velocidad para la contención de incendios.

El patrón de movimiento del aire generado por un ventilador, con zonas de alta y baja velocidad.

Volumen de aire que atraviesa la hélice del ventilador.

Volumen de aire total en un espacio abierto, incluyendo el aire succionado.

A forced ventilation technique using fans to control airflow and pressure in a building during a fire.

Fuerza de un ventilador, medida por el caudal libre.

Diseño de ventilador con cono de salida angosto, permitiendo colocación a mayor distancia de la puerta.

VPP used to extinguish or control fire by creating an airflow

Diseño de ventilador con cono de salida amplio, permitiendo colocación cerca de puertas estrechas.

VPP employed to prevent fire spread, by creating a pressure difference

The size of the opening through which air enters the building.

La capacidad de un ventilador se ve afectada por el volumen y la estanqueidad del recinto.

The size of the opening through which air exits the building.

Distancia del ventilador a la entrada donde se necesita ventilación.

Forma de suministro de energía al ventilador (eléctrico, térmico, hidráulico).

A method of opening and closing gas outlets in a specific order to effectively ventilate a building.

Ventilador usado para una salida rápida de humo interior.

The movement of gases from a building or structure

The positioning of the outlet as close to the fire's source as possible.

Ventilador usado para crear una entrada segura para los bomberos.

Las actividades que se deben realizar en un lugar donde se implementa un equipo o sistema VPP.

Positioning the outlet at the highest possible point.

A device that measures heat signatures used to locate the fire's source

The diameter of the fan used in the VPP system. Impacts the amount of air that can pass through.

The relationship between the size of the gas inlet and outlet.

A single large opening is better than multiple, smaller openings; reduces fragmentation of the gas flow.

Opening and closing outlets in a step-by-step order.

Minimizing the flow of gas coming out to improve the pressure differential.

Ventilación de un recinto usando presión positiva o negativa con ventiladores, en lugar de ventilación natural

Razón entre el área de salida de gases (Ae) y el área de entrada de gases (Ai) durante la ventilación.

Valor de r óptimo para un tipo de ventilación (VPP ofensiva o VPP defensiva) dado el rendimiento y el diferencial de presión.

Valor crítico de r por debajo del cual la ventilación es ineficiente.

Técnica de ventilación que busca evacuar gases rápidamente para mejorar la visibilidad y la seguridad del personal.

Técnica de ventilación que busca crear un diferencial de presión positivo dentro del recinto para frenar la propagación del fuego.

Diferencia de presión entre el interior y el exterior de un recinto.

Pérdidas de presión y velocidad de flujo de aire y gases debido a fugas o aperturas no deseadas.

Pérdida de energía del flujo de aire por rozamiento contra superficies o elementos dentro del recinto

Se da cuando el movimiento de los gases se debe a la diferencia de temperatura.

Técnica empleada cuando el acceso vertical es limitado. Crea un flujo bidireccional de aire con aire frío abajo y gases calientes arriba.

Ventilación artificial utilizando ventiladores para impulsar la salida de gases.

Técnica VPP defensiva que intenta generar una presión mayor dentro del recinto para impedir la entrada de gases calientes y humo.

Using multiple fans to improve gas flow, especially in spaces with large openings, or significant loss of flow due to unwanted exits or friction losses based on the gas path length, passageways, or turns.

Fans arranged side-by-side, covering a large opening and increasing the overall flow rate while needing to maintain separation to optimize flow.

Fans placed sequentially at the entry point; though potentially increasing flow slightly, not as efficient as other configurations and generally not recommended.

Fan arrangement across a path where the first fan is the major one and the second is a supplemental, increasing flow by reducing friction losses along the gas path.

Two fans arranged in parallel, directed toward the center of the opening, often offering a significant increase in the effective flow rate.

Wind pressure affects building facades, creating pressure differences, and can influence ventilation performance.

Buildings that allow gas to flow readily, requiring careful fan selection to aid the process of removing gases and avoid a buildup of hazardous mixtures.

The speed at which gases move. A low rate could indicate inadequate ventilation.

Techniques for managing building access points, including strategies like adjusting the door opening or using smoke barriers to regulate gas flow.

Two main steps: Assess interior conditions and reduce hazards.

Evaluating the conditions within a building, including gas levels, temperatures, and ignition points.

Techniques for minimizing the dangers associated with the fire, such as cooling or diluting gases.

Keeping doors slightly open to allow for easier hose passage to the interior of the structure.

Technique to reduce fire intensity from outside the building, improving conditions for interior firefighters.

Using water to cool surfaces, dilute gases, and interrupt fire propagation.

The rate of water flow used in firefighting, measured in liters per minute (lpm).

Angle of the water stream from a fire hose nozzle.

Utilizing a solid water stream directed at the ceiling to deflect and break it into smaller droplets without hindering gas exchange.

Short bursts of water aimed at a point to cool the fire area and control gas flow.

Breaks in water application to allow heat to equilibrate and excess vapor to evacuate from the affected zone.

Assessing interior conditions (temperature, gas, visibility) before entry, minimizing risks.

Evaluating gas characteristics (height, temperature, density, ventilation) to determine building safety for firefighters.

Methods to reduce the risks of entering a burning building, like cooling smoke and gases.

A step-by-step approach to assess conditions and limit hazards before entering a fire zone.

The moment when the temperature of the affected area stabilizes after exposure to water jets, important for evaluating next actions during ventilation.

Systematic steps to evaluate/control risks before opening a door in a fire zone, using various types of doors.

Hydraulic ventilators require extensive piping, limiting their use to specific situations where other power sources are unavailable (e.g., flammable environments).

Thermal ventilators grant autonomy and flexible placement due to their reliance on thermal power.

A larger propeller blade diameter allows for ventilation through a wider opening at the same distance.

Optimal placement distances for ventilators vary based on the ventilator's characteristics and the opening size; too close or too far results in diminished ventilation effectiveness.

Heavier ventilators may require multiple wheels for safe transportation and positioning on uneven surfaces, and may require several people to maneuver over obstacles.

Ventilators are often placed in fire station lobbies or other strategically located places to improve emergency response times.

The noise produced by a running ventilator can affect communication during an operation; propeller design is critical to noise reduction.

Ventilators on stands elevate the air flow, improving performance and reducing the picking up of loose materials.

Optimum placement takes into account the ventilator's 'footprint' (air velocity and the diameter and design of the propellers).

When a ventilation system is too close to the opening, ventilation is inefficient. Gases enter and exit via the same path, and do not circulate effectively.

The Barometer technique guides the ventilator angle slightly downward (around 15% of opening height), when using offense ventilation strategies to improve smoke removal.

In offensive or defensive ventilation operations, the use of only a single entry point creates a directional air path within a building.